tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495330293945002102024-03-28T12:52:21.071+05:30The SEO Consultant's Blog Increase your website traffic, expand your business, get best perfect unique SEO content and many more.seneshhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08604227252358893119noreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-32143517973973972022016-04-11T09:55:00.001+05:302016-04-11T10:18:46.694+05:30The LG G5 Design Review! <p dir="ltr">The all new LG-G5 is the latest step of LG with many amazing capabilities what a LG phone should be. After a few years of tweaking and perfecting its G-series design language, LG has torn up the rule book and given new life into the line with the new LG-G5. <br>
As an Android based smartphone, it's leading rival is the Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge with its own capabilities. LG has stuck to its guns and, through a unique design, kept the removable battery and expansion while making the switch to a more premium build.<br>
It's like a big gamble when releasing a smartphone like this when a smartphone like S7 Edge is still hot. Will LG's gamble pay off? Well, let's see. <br>
<b>Design</b><br>
The LG G5 is the successor to last year’s G4 but as Lanh says, "<i>it’s really nothing like it. For the most part, it’s an entirely different phone, and a lot of that has to do with the design</i>.”<br>
The differences between the LG G5 and the LG G4 are quite stark, with LG’s newest flagship bringing an aluminium build, but as we have heard recently, it’s not metal as you quite know it. Let’s clear up on thing first; the LG G5 <b>is surely made of metal</b>, but it’s undergone a secret treatment process which essentially puts a layer of primer and paint on top of the body, similar to how a car gets painted. Because of that, you aren’t directly touching metal, but it’s surely a metal phone.<br>
With most metal phones, they feel quite cold in the morning and warm under heavy usage, but for the most part, the G5 is a constant temperature. LG’s approach to metal was certainly done with the best intentions in mind but as a result of the primer-paint approach, the handset doesn’t feel as premium or as solid as a metal phone traditionally does. <br>
Beside from metal things, the G5 is built well and the company has reduced the screen size so we'll fell comfy. I think 5.3 inches is just perfect for a smartphone. <br>
If you’ve used an LG G-series smartphone before, the button layout on the LG G5 will take some getting used to; since the G2, LG’s flagships have had the volume and power keys on the rear, but with the G5, the volume buttons have now switched to the left of the handset. If you’re someone who holds a phone in their right hand, the position of the volume keys on the left is quite uncomfortable, and, as they’re almost flush with the edge of the phone, they are difficult to locate at the best of times.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The rear still sports a power button - with embedded fingerprint sensor – and the power button itself is a disappointment, as it feels uneven and doesn’t offer reassuring feedback when pressed. Having used the power key with fingerprint sensor on the back of the LG v10, the less-than-premium power key on the G5 is definitely a let down.<br>
On the bottom, LG has made the switch to the newer USB Type-C Standard, which is widely becoming the norm for flagship devices this year. Alongside this is the microphone and single bottom-firing speaker, and the latter is surprisingly impressive for a single mono speaker. Lanh sums it up best when he says it is one of the better single speakers he's heard on a smartphone in a long while.<br>
Overall, the LG G5 definitely isn’t going to win any awards for the way it looks but this smartphone is more about substance over style. LG has managed to combine microSD card expansion and a removable battery while keeping a metal unibody, and the presence of a recessed button to remove the bottom chin allows you to swap and remove batteries with ease. The bottom chin is also one of the most compelling reasons to buy the LG G5, as it makes the G5 the first modular smartphone to hit the market, and this is what makes the phone’s experience so compelling.<br>
Alongside the G5, LG is announcing new “Friends” that work with the smartphone; while some of these actually connect to the device, others don’t and this is why LG kept to the Friends name (instead of calling them modules).<br>
LG has developed a few friends for its new flagship, but is also opening the concept and allowing third parties to get creative with module designs. Of the modules that actually connect to the smartphone, there’s only two available and these are the LG Cam Plus and the LG Hi-Fi Plus with B&O Play.<br>
The LG Cam Plus is the company’s camera grip, which provides welcome physical controls for launching the camera, taking a photo, video, zooming in and out of an image and recording video. The Cam Plus also packs an additional 1,200mAh battery, which can keep your phone topped up – when the phone is not being used that is – and the only real downside is the bulk it adds to the G5, which makes it uncomfortable to use as an actual phone.<br>
Personally, I also think it’s very counter-intuitive that LG created a separate switch to launch the camera, rather than allow you to launch the camera by pressing the shutter button, but this is just a personal gripe with the design. For most people, once you realise the switch allows you to quickly launch the camera, you'll find this is what you instinctively reach for when you pull the G5 and Cam Plus out of your pocket.<br>
The LG Hi-Fi Plus is an entirely different type of module as it appeals very much to audiophiles and music lovers. Developed in partnership with Bang & Olufsen, the Hi-Fi Plus is a 32-bit DAC and headphone amp, which features an ES9028C2M + Sabre9602 chipset for supporting music up to 384KHz. The DAC features its own headphone jack (in addition to the regular one at the top of the phone), its own speaker and the USB Type-C charging port and can also be used as a standalone DAC when not being used with the G5. The 24-bit audio experience on the LG G5 is already quite impressive, and the Hi-Fi Plus serves to improve this further, offering additional space, clarity and detail to the sound.<br>
Before you get too excited about the Hi-Fi DAC though, it’s not going to work with G5 smartphones sold in Korea, Canada, Puerto Rico or the USA; LG declined to comment on why it won’t work with these devices (and why listings were pulled in the US), but it’s worth keeping this in mind if you planned to buy the G5 in one of these markets and wanted to buy the Hi-Fi Plus.<br>
LG’s other friends for the G5 include a tethered<a href="http://www.vrsource.com">Virtual Reality</a> headset – which is lightweight and comfortable as it connects to your smartphone using the USB Type-C port – and the <a href="http://www.androidauthority.com/tag/lg-360-cam">Cam 360</a>. LG’s first foray into 360° cameras has delivered a stylish friend with two 180° cameras capable of capturing 16MP 360° photos or 360° video in Quad HD (2K) resolution.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Overall, the concept of a modular smartphone certainly isn’t new – <a href="http://www.androidauthority.com/tag/project-ara">Project Ara</a> anyone? – but LG has made considerable attempts to develop modules that are genuinely useful to customers. The availability may be <u>scarce</u> but with third parties also able to develop friends for LG’s new smartphone, it won’t be long before the available range is considerably larger.<br>
Read the full article from <br>
http://www.androidauthority.com/lg-g5-review-684737/<br>
Copyrighted by Android Authority.<br></p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-41211770013967761222016-03-24T19:36:00.001+05:302016-03-24T19:36:43.433+05:30Need a help with SEO?<p dir="ltr">So After a long vacation I'm gonna tell you about something interesting. When I started this blog, I had many difficulties to get traffic to this site. After I made 100 visitors-a-day I bought myself a custom domain. So even after I bought it, I had same problems with promoting the site but not that much. But unfortunately because of my studies, I forgot to maintain the site and the domain. So the domain expired few moths ago and I got a mail from godaddy saying that if I want to buy the domain again, I should pay $67!!!! I was like "man wtf???" The meaning was the mail was that the value of my domain has become $67 from $2.99! So I just stopped my other work and dug deep. I learned everything about SEO and stuff like that and now I'm here with a great deal of knowledge on SEO. <br>
So if you're having the same traffic, promoting issues like me, don't worry because I'm here to help you with my knowledge. Just go to the fb page shown in the sidebar and just message me and I'll solve all of your problems....</p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-70731088287361062015-05-27T20:36:00.001+05:302015-05-27T20:36:38.045+05:30Certified by a level 2 seller at fiverr.comHello guys! I got an order from a level 2 seller from fiverr (David388) to promote his Gigs on my blog. So I did it and he rated me all 5 stars! It's a certificate of quality and If you have difficult jobs then just click on the below link and contact me. I'll help you out. <div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWbkubA1L-wHO5eKCvaCwIcTSvl9Y04KY1AdkARx-9ZawXnoCxbTgHBE5vRkprXIxbBp5i3w7VlwCJ3JnpgSqVQNw-edVnr1hs0rE2B1wFz2QlVpfEj5BgK6H9M5kgbV8N1lYjoS41d8Nl/s640/blogger-image-204434271.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWbkubA1L-wHO5eKCvaCwIcTSvl9Y04KY1AdkARx-9ZawXnoCxbTgHBE5vRkprXIxbBp5i3w7VlwCJ3JnpgSqVQNw-edVnr1hs0rE2B1wFz2QlVpfEj5BgK6H9M5kgbV8N1lYjoS41d8Nl/s640/blogger-image-204434271.jpg"></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii17v0Nh02HzcyaCUzXg-wF8ofCL5peZvJt5_ChtQgNk-bmJAWQ7BNJv8YD_Zho5sRZZ2ZdUyUaMyuN3JTMWv_h2wx0NQwgZ1aIOd4VboyeHPtMXqf_hDe7R7z7SlPDcLYMVak_gBONUtx/s640/blogger-image--1774653979.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii17v0Nh02HzcyaCUzXg-wF8ofCL5peZvJt5_ChtQgNk-bmJAWQ7BNJv8YD_Zho5sRZZ2ZdUyUaMyuN3JTMWv_h2wx0NQwgZ1aIOd4VboyeHPtMXqf_hDe7R7z7SlPDcLYMVak_gBONUtx/s640/blogger-image--1774653979.jpg"></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">http://fiverr.com/sajanajk</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">P.S.: if you want to know what I did for him, just check out the below link</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">http://www.rasthagroup.info/2015/05/wanna-be-your-very-best.html</span></div></div><br></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-57207385391980920422015-05-27T10:23:00.001+05:302015-05-27T20:36:59.346+05:30Why pay more when you can get discounts for free?<div>I’m pretty sure that you've shopped online at least once in your lifetime. If yes I'm sure that sometimes you wonder that “Why the hell that these things are such expensive?” I gotta say that the heavy price is just a joke. If you search harder, sometimes you can get the exact same thing or service for a cheaper price! But searching the internet in a busy life is a no-can-do. So we gotta do something.</div><div><br></div><div>So now I'm gonna tell you a little secret. How about a free discount for a extra large pan pizza on Domino’s Pizza? Cool huh…? Also a gift voucher on Claire’s for your girlfriend or fiancé? Believe me, there are hundreds of more places that you can get those gift vouchers and discounts. </div><div><br></div><div><b>WWW.VoucherSky.COM</b></div><div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigvoPcVf91Rn1AveNMWIMNaU_M1Sa_DqjnXtUafelF5lBKenEZnk8frtrpfE8UlCcjVyWD8-fQXtY3dGYwxZVt89vOtnovOPSRkkuLj4jJUiZwYLd82lcKI4DFNUhv8MFmqQ2BKHY7RO1a/s640/blogger-image-728839393.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigvoPcVf91Rn1AveNMWIMNaU_M1Sa_DqjnXtUafelF5lBKenEZnk8frtrpfE8UlCcjVyWD8-fQXtY3dGYwxZVt89vOtnovOPSRkkuLj4jJUiZwYLd82lcKI4DFNUhv8MFmqQ2BKHY7RO1a/s640/blogger-image-728839393.jpg"></a></div><br></b></div><div><br></div><div>Yeah, you heard me correct. That's the place you can get a hundreds of discounts and gift vouchers. All you gotta do is just click on the link above and go to the site. You may be surprised to hear that all these things are all free! That's something you don’t get everyday. Also there's some limited time offers at the vouchersky.com so you better hurry up before the offer ends. </div><div><br></div><div>Vouchersky.com spares no efforts to provide you with the opportunity to get all the great vouchers and discounts and have a large sum of money saved when you shop online.</div><div><br></div><div>Vouchersky.com strives to turn your online shopping into an unforgettable experience.</div><div><br></div><div>Vouchersky.com will be dedicated to sourcing the best voucher codes and unparalleled discounts from a good many stores and leading retailers to guarantee you can always purchase the discounted items or find the great deal.</div><div><br></div><div>There are large variety of writing instruments, pet supplies, jewelry, flowers, meals, pharmaceuticals, clothing, gardening instruments, furniture kitchen supplements, fitness equipments, massage equipments, undergarments and many more things at the vouchersky.com</div><div><br></div><div>Another most important thing is via this vouchersky.com you can get free discounts from hotels.com . Now that's something seriously special because you can't get that kind of opportunities from everywhere. </div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2JpNzChtJD2F_JViQlg0YSFNwWnE7THn5FaliUR1tCIQ0RtLAxA8BjwrC7OMrn-S5ore0rIQrnWZHVPpgOFbknXxCzD60oL8n61NaZ1_vW6-dXgeDl4F-zCPsV10nos9mMXc94YVCRcUW/s640/blogger-image-68265387.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2JpNzChtJD2F_JViQlg0YSFNwWnE7THn5FaliUR1tCIQ0RtLAxA8BjwrC7OMrn-S5ore0rIQrnWZHVPpgOFbknXxCzD60oL8n61NaZ1_vW6-dXgeDl4F-zCPsV10nos9mMXc94YVCRcUW/s640/blogger-image-68265387.jpg"></a></div><br></div><div><br></div><div>I'm adding some FAQs to the post just to clear you problems..</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><b>How do I find new voucher codes?</b></div><div><b>If you know what you need, or know the name of the online shop that sells the products you are looking for, then simply enter the information you have got and search for the products or shops using our search box.</b></div><div><b>I have found the shop selling what I need, whats next?</b></div><div><b>We have dedicated pages with detailed reviews about the online shops and the products they sell online. Once you have opened a store review page, you can scroll further down the review and you may discover what voucher codes or deal is available at the time from the retailer.</b></div><div><b>I cant find the voucher codes?</b></div><div><b>When retailer is offering voucher codes, the codes are usually displayed underneath the store review text, containing the voucher code description, expiry and a button with a link which says show voucher and visit site. Click on the button and it should reveal the voucher code and open the retailer website in a new window.</b></div><div><b>I still cant find the voucher I am looking for?</b></div><div><b>If you can't find the voucher you are searching in the store where you want to shop, there is possibility that the retailer does not have a current voucher code. You should either look for an alternative shop or contact us and tell about the products you are intended.</b></div><div><b>Are there any other names for voucher codes?</b></div><div><b>voucher codes are also referred to as, promotional codes, coupon codes, promo codes, discount codes, money off vouchers, e-voucher codes and shopping codes. If you think we have missed any other terms then do shoot us an email and we will update it with your name on our website.</b></div><div><b>What are free delivery offers and offers?</b></div><div><b>Besides the voucher codes we also update the latest free delivery offers and offers available at the leading online shops. There is no need for you to have a voucher code to enjoy the both offers. You should simply follow the link provided in the deal and it will take you to the right page where you can avail the offer and enjoy savings.</b></div><div><b>Is it okay to use an expiring or ending deal?</b></div><div><b>Yes, its absolutely alright to use an ending soon deal as long as it is still available for a shot while.</b></div><div><b>My voucher code does not work?</b></div><div><b>We do what we can do to ensure that all voucher codes are displayed correctly on our website with correct expiry dates, but if you still find a valid voucher code not getting accepted on a retailers checkout then you can write to us and we will try our best to help you solve the problem.</b></div><div><b>Can I use these vouchers in a high street store?</b></div><div><b>No, unfortunately the vouchers displayed on our website are only valid in online retailers until and unless there are extra description saying that they can also work in high street shops.</b></div><div>(Copyright © 2015 VoucherSky.com All rights reserved.)</div><div><br></div><div>Via vouchersky.com you can make your online shopping an unforgettable experience. Because voichersky.com gives you discounts and free gift vouchers on over hundreds of online stores. </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>I think you understand the subject enough. So all you gotta do is go to the vouchersky.com and check out your new discounts and offers.</div><div><br></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-22585126805430009652015-05-22T21:40:00.000+05:302015-05-22T21:48:15.289+05:30Wanna be your Very Best?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
How many times have you edit your document before you get satisfied? Honestly, I always do that over a dozen times. But if you have the very same problem, don't worry. Because David is here to help you.<br><br></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
David is a resident surgeon in United States. Also he is a very good writer. As a matter of fact, he is an award winning writer with a heavy reputation. He is a level 2 seller in fiverr.com. I've been working on the same site and believe me, it's a great shot to be a level 2 seller at fiverr.com. David has experienced more than 350 orders and he never fails his customer, ever. That's why he got 100% positive rating. </div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjORE-fyX3f7C0PuuKBL3WJTuWljyOXNdO2G7AWXxXL7HNLd6rwRvh-WX9ooWMES8Dkhs2ia_4oJariIK3a24ybOPANHG2SW2j3-XsO-PhbDbV0iLMMLxUe0FRoCDqfYGY7SBOgLHdeUdCQ/s640/blogger-image-1302030602.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjORE-fyX3f7C0PuuKBL3WJTuWljyOXNdO2G7AWXxXL7HNLd6rwRvh-WX9ooWMES8Dkhs2ia_4oJariIK3a24ybOPANHG2SW2j3-XsO-PhbDbV0iLMMLxUe0FRoCDqfYGY7SBOgLHdeUdCQ/s640/blogger-image-1302030602.jpg"></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">You see? 5 stars rating..... And he is always online for you. Wanna know what does he got for you?</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf1ngVU7Y5_us9alUWDAVAezDGNKk7JxE_ky3nePnYSp2DOwKyKmm7yDKfkX-_yundUOrd4YZqtWG56_fqqY4krh1hxEgy5U5_TpRCGy-bhn2Oqr2Cp6W6pXGbLSGPQuCjmJjPjykRPsJD/s640/blogger-image-482111085.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf1ngVU7Y5_us9alUWDAVAezDGNKk7JxE_ky3nePnYSp2DOwKyKmm7yDKfkX-_yundUOrd4YZqtWG56_fqqY4krh1hxEgy5U5_TpRCGy-bhn2Oqr2Cp6W6pXGbLSGPQuCjmJjPjykRPsJD/s640/blogger-image-482111085.jpg"></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Yeah.... 10 gigs and all just for you. He will do your day to day needs in no time. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">But before you put your orders, just look at the review list. It's just a few of hundreds....</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoBQJMema9jjtKhbG9g54WWNPSc6RF5ifHBth5vTeLa8GcUg-UoPdWzM8oLuQqFHILuRnebNh_f6fp4TsIbzG3NBKS4ujURxgfoK4RrqdejalZ95i6kM9ozzK7vYpq5L_X0jgfz_DLKNBD/s640/blogger-image--649167957.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoBQJMema9jjtKhbG9g54WWNPSc6RF5ifHBth5vTeLa8GcUg-UoPdWzM8oLuQqFHILuRnebNh_f6fp4TsIbzG3NBKS4ujURxgfoK4RrqdejalZ95i6kM9ozzK7vYpq5L_X0jgfz_DLKNBD/s640/blogger-image--649167957.jpg"></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">As you see, david is not just a writer. He's an expert in the field and trust me, he's gonna do your orders in no time. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>So if you wanna check out more info, just click on the link below and get surprised!</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>http://www.fiverr.com/david388</b></div><br></div><br></div><br></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-74142273160179458942015-05-18T11:20:00.001+05:302015-05-18T11:20:56.668+05:30New upcoming technologies that will change the world.<p class="intro" style="margin: 0px 0px 3rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Technology news is full of incremental developments, but few of them are true milestones. Here we’re citing 10 that are. These advances from the past year all solve thorny problems or create powerful new ways of using technology. They are breakthroughs that will matter for years to come.</span></p><p class="intro" style="margin: 0px 0px 3rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">You can use these technologies to improve your knowledge. The world is changing so fast and we have to go with the world. Read thede links to know better.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtX8Xqd0XF7yCdCxN7JD3NjiBdo3MgeNWDxXnVp2hVkaJ9OlGSYGts4fjTXnYxptgI9EBcHDYY7JW3kUhJ6ybFailnFclO-JEUDRibpz3DmSflGGzjxDvYMLdsgkk7fOAohNqLeuvnSO-m/s640/blogger-image-757010215.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtX8Xqd0XF7yCdCxN7JD3NjiBdo3MgeNWDxXnVp2hVkaJ9OlGSYGts4fjTXnYxptgI9EBcHDYY7JW3kUhJ6ybFailnFclO-JEUDRibpz3DmSflGGzjxDvYMLdsgkk7fOAohNqLeuvnSO-m/s640/blogger-image-757010215.jpg"></a></div><p></p><div><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526491/agricultural-drones/">http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526491/agricultural-drones/</a></div><div><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526496/ultraprivate-smartphones/">http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526496/ultraprivate-smartphones/</a></div><div><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526501/brain-mapping/">http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526501/brain-mapping/</a></div><div><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526506/neuromorphic-chips/">http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526506/neuromorphic-chips/</a></div><div><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526511/genome-editing/">http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526511/genome-editing/</a></div><div><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526521/microscale-3-d-printing/">http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526521/microscale-3-d-printing/</a></div><div><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526526/mobile-collaboration/">http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526526/mobile-collaboration/</a></div><div><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526531/oculus-rift/">http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526531/oculus-rift/</a></div><div><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526536/agile-robots/">http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526536/agile-robots/</a></div><div><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526541/smart-wind-and-solar-power/">http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/526541/smart-wind-and-solar-power/</a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-11291782289570647962014-06-18T18:07:00.001+05:302014-06-18T18:08:07.415+05:30Search engine optimization<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Search engine optimization</b> (<b>SEO</b>) is the process of affecting the visibility of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Website">website</a> or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web page">web page</a> in a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Search engine">search engine</a>'s "natural" or un-paid ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_search" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Organic search">organic</a>") <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_results_page" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Search engine results page">search results</a>. In general, the earlier (or higher ranked on the search results page), and more frequently a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engine's users. SEO may target different kinds of search, including <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_search" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Image search">image search</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_search_(Internet)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Local search (Internet)">local search</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_search" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Video search">video search</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_databases_and_search_engines" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Academic databases and search engines">academic search</a>, news search and industry-specific <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_search" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vertical search">vertical search</a>engines.</div>
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As an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_marketing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet marketing">Internet marketing</a> strategy, SEO considers how search engines work, what people search for, the actual search terms or keywords typed into search engines and which search engines are preferred by their targeted audience. Optimizing a website may involve editing its content, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HTML">HTML</a> and associated coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_crawler" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web crawler">indexing activities</a> of search engines. Promoting a site to increase the number of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlinks" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Backlinks">backlinks</a>, or inbound links, is another SEO tactic.</div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmaster" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Webmaster">Webmasters</a> and content providers began optimizing sites for search engines in the mid-1990s, as the first search engines were cataloging the early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Wide Web">Web</a>. Initially, all webmasters needed to do was to submit the address of a page, or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a>, to the various engines which would send a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_crawler" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web crawler">spider</a>" to "crawl" that page, extract links to other pages from it, and return information found on the page to be <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_(search_engine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Index (search engine)">indexed</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> The process involves a search engine spider downloading a page and storing it on the search engine's own server, where a second program, known as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_indexing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Search engine indexing">indexer</a>, extracts various information about the page, such as the words it contains and where these are located, as well as any weight for specific words, and all links the page contains, which are then placed into a scheduler for crawling at a later date.</div>
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Site owners started to recognize the value of having their sites highly ranked and visible in search engine results, creating an opportunity for both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hat_(computer_security)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="White hat (computer security)">white hat</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hat_hacking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black hat hacking">black hat</a> SEO practitioners. According to industry analyst <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Sullivan_(technologist)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Danny Sullivan (technologist)">Danny Sullivan</a>, the phrase "search engine optimization" probably came into use in 1997.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> On May 2, 2007,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> Jason Gambert attempted to trademark the term SEO by convincing the Trademark Office in Arizona<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> that SEO is a "process" involving manipulation of keywords, and not a "marketing service." The reviewing attorney basically bought his incoherent argument that while "SEO" can't be trademarked when it refers to a generic process of manipulated keywords, it can be a service mark for providing "marketing services...in the field of computers."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup></div>
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Early versions of search <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> relied on webmaster-provided information such as the keyword <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Meta tag">meta tag</a>, or index files in engines like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliweb" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aliweb">ALIWEB</a>. Meta tags provide a guide to each page's content. Using meta data to index pages was found to be less than reliable, however, because the webmaster's choice of keywords in the meta tag could potentially be an inaccurate representation of the site's actual content. Inaccurate, incomplete, and inconsistent data in meta tags could and did cause pages to rank for irrelevant searches.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2012)">dubious</span></a> <span class="metadata">– <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Search_engine_optimization#Dubious" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Talk:Search engine optimization">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup> Web content providers also manipulated a number of attributes within the HTML source of a page in an attempt to rank well in search engines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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By relying so much on factors such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_density" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Keyword density">keyword density</a> which were exclusively within a webmaster's control, early search engines suffered from abuse and ranking manipulation. To provide better results to their users, search engines had to adapt to ensure their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_results_page" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Search engine results page">results pages</a> showed the most relevant search results, rather than unrelated pages stuffed with numerous keywords by unscrupulous webmasters. Since the success and popularity of a search engine is determined by its ability to produce the most relevant results to any given search, poor quality or irrelevant search results could lead users to find other search sources. Search engines responded by developing more complex ranking algorithms, taking into account additional factors that were more difficult for webmasters to manipulate. Graduate students at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a>, developed "Backrub," a search engine that relied on a mathematical algorithm to rate the prominence of web pages. The number calculated by the algorithm, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PageRank">PageRank</a>, is a function of the quantity and strength of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbound_link" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inbound link">inbound links</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lgscalehyptxt_9-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-lgscalehyptxt-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> PageRank estimates the likelihood that a given page will be reached by a web user who randomly surfs the web, and follows links from one page to another. In effect, this means that some links are stronger than others, as a higher PageRank page is more likely to be reached by the random surfer.</div>
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Page and Brin founded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google">Google</a> in 1998.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> Google attracted a loyal following among the growing number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a> users, who liked its simple design.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbc-1_11-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-bbc-1-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> Off-page factors (such as PageRank and hyperlink analysis) were considered as well as on-page factors (such as keyword frequency, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tags" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Meta tags">meta tags</a>, headings, links and site structure) to enable Google to avoid the kind of manipulation seen in search engines that only considered on-page factors for their rankings. Although PageRank was more difficult to game, webmasters had already developed link building tools and schemes to influence the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inktomi_(company)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inktomi (company)">Inktomi</a> search engine, and these methods proved similarly applicable to gaming PageRank. Many sites focused on exchanging, buying, and selling links, often on a massive scale. Some of these schemes, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_farm" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Link farm">link farms</a>, involved the creation of thousands of sites for the sole purpose of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamdexing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spamdexing">link spamming</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></div>
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By 2004, search engines had incorporated a wide range of undisclosed factors in their ranking algorithms to reduce the impact of link manipulation. In June 2007, The New York Times' Saul Hansell stated Google ranks sites using more than 200 different signals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nyt0607_13-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-nyt0607-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> The leading search engines, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bing">Bing</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a>, do not disclose the algorithms they use to rank pages. Some SEO practitioners have studied different approaches to search engine optimization, and have shared their personal opinions<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> Patents related to search engines can provide information to better understand search engines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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In 2005, Google began personalizing search results for each user. Depending on their history of previous searches, Google crafted results for logged in users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> In 2008, Bruce Clay said that "ranking is dead" because of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalized_search" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Personalized search">personalized search</a>. He opined that it would become meaningless to discuss how a website ranked, because its rank would potentially be different for each user and each search.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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In 2007, Google announced a campaign against paid links that transfer PageRank.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> On June 15, 2009, Google disclosed that they had taken measures to mitigate the effects of PageRank sculpting by use of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nofollow" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nofollow">nofollow</a> attribute on links. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cutts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Matt Cutts">Matt Cutts</a>, a well-known software engineer at Google, announced that Google Bot would no longer treat nofollowed links in the same way, in order to prevent SEO service providers from using nofollow for PageRank sculpting.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> As a result of this change the usage of nofollow leads to evaporation of pagerank. In order to avoid the above, SEO engineers developed alternative techniques that replace nofollowed tags with obfuscated <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javascript" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Javascript">Javascript</a> and thus permit PageRank sculpting. Additionally several solutions have been suggested that include the usage of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iframe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iframe">iframes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_animation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flash animation">Flash</a> and Javascript.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup></div>
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In December 2009, Google announced it would be using the web search history of all its users in order to populate search results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup></div>
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On June 8, 2010 a new web indexing system called <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Caffeine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Caffeine">Google Caffeine</a> was announced. Designed to allow users to find news results, forum posts and other content much sooner after publishing than before, Google caffeine was a change to the way Google updated its index in order to make things show up quicker on Google than before. According to Carrie Grimes, the software engineer who announced Caffeine for Google, "Caffeine provides 50 percent fresher results for web searches than our last index..."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Instant" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Instant">Google Instant</a>, real-time-search, was introduced in late 2010 in an attempt to make search results more timely and relevant. Historically site administrators have spent months or even years optimizing a website to increase search rankings. With the growth in popularity of social media sites and blogs the leading engines made changes to their algorithms to allow fresh content to rank quickly within the search results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup></div>
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In February 2011, Google announced the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Panda" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Panda">Panda</a> update, which penalizes websites containing content duplicated from other websites and sources. Historically websites have copied content from one another and benefited in search engine rankings by engaging in this practice, however Google implemented a new system which punishes sites whose content is not unique.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup></div>
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In April 2012, Google launched the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Penguin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Penguin">Google Penguin</a> update the goal of which was to penalize websites that used manipulative techniques to improve their rankings on the search engine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup></div>
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In September 2013, Google released the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Hummingbird" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Hummingbird">Google Hummingbird</a> update, an algorithm change designed to improve Google's natural language processing and semantic understanding of web pages.</div>
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By 1997, search engine designers recognized that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmaster" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Webmaster">webmasters</a> were making efforts to rank well in their search engines, and that some webmasters were even <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamdexing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spamdexing">manipulating their rankings</a> in search results by stuffing pages with excessive or irrelevant keywords. Early search engines, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altavista" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Altavista">Altavista</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infoseek" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Infoseek">Infoseek</a>, adjusted their algorithms in an effort to prevent webmasters from manipulating rankings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-infoseeknyt_26-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-infoseeknyt-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup></div>
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In 2005, an annual conference, AIRWeb, Adversarial Information Retrieval on the Web was created to bring together practitioners and researchers concerned with search engine optimisation and related topics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-airweb_27-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-airweb-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup></div>
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Companies that employ overly aggressive techniques can get their client websites banned from the search results. In 2005, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> reported on a company, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_Power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Traffic Power">Traffic Power</a>, which allegedly used high-risk techniques and failed to disclose those risks to its clients.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Magazine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wired Magazine">Wired</a> magazine reported that the same company sued blogger and SEO Aaron Wall for writing about the ban.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wired09082005_29-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-wired09082005-29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup> Google's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cutts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Matt Cutts">Matt Cutts</a> later confirmed that Google did in fact ban Traffic Power and some of its clients.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup></div>
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Some search engines have also reached out to the SEO industry, and are frequent sponsors and guests at SEO conferences, chats, and seminars. Major search engines provide information and guidelines to help with site optimization. Google has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitemaps" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sitemaps">Sitemaps</a> program to help webmasters learn if Google is having any problems indexing their website and also provides data on Google traffic to the website.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-googlesitemaps_33-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-googlesitemaps-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Webmaster_Center" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bing Webmaster Center">Bing Webmaster Tools</a> provides a way for webmasters to submit a sitemap and web feeds, allows users to determine the crawl rate, and track the web pages index status.</div>
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The leading search engines, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bing">Bing</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>, use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_crawler" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web crawler">crawlers</a> to find pages for their algorithmic search results. Pages that are linked from other search engine indexed pages do not need to be submitted because they are found automatically. Two major directories, the Yahoo Directory and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMOZ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a> both require manual submission and human editorial review. Google offers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Webmaster_Tools" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Webmaster Tools">Google Webmaster Tools</a>, for which an XML <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitemap" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sitemap">Sitemap</a> feed can be created and submitted for free to ensure that all pages are found, especially pages that are not discoverable by automatically following links.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup> Yahoo! formerly operated a paid submission service that guaranteed crawling for a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_per_click" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pay per click">cost per click</a>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup>this was discontinued in 2009.</div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web search engine">Search engine</a> crawlers may look at a number of different factors when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_crawler" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web crawler">crawling</a> a site. Not every page is indexed by the search engines. Distance of pages from the root directory of a site may also be a factor in whether or not pages get crawled.</div>
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To avoid undesirable content in the search indexes, webmasters can instruct spiders not to crawl certain files or directories through the standard <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots.txt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robots.txt">robots.txt</a> file in the root directory of the domain. Additionally, a page can be explicitly excluded from a search engine's database by using a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Meta tag">meta tag</a> specific to robots. When a search engine visits a site, the robots.txt located in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_directory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Root directory">root directory</a> is the first file crawled. The robots.txt file is then parsed, and will instruct the robot as to which pages are not to be crawled. As a search engine crawler may keep a cached copy of this file, it may on occasion crawl pages a webmaster does not wish crawled. Pages typically prevented from being crawled include login specific pages such as shopping carts and user-specific content such as search results from internal searches. In March 2007, Google warned webmasters that they should prevent indexing of internal search results because those pages are considered search spam.</div>
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A variety of methods can increase the prominence of a webpage within the search results. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_website_linking" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Methods of website linking">Cross linking</a> between pages of the same website to provide more links to most important pages may improve its visibility.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Shari_40-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-Shari-40" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup> Writing content that includes frequently searched keyword phrase, so as to be relevant to a wide variety of search queries will tend to increase traffic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Shari_40-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-Shari-40" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup> Updating content so as to keep search engines crawling back frequently can give additional weight to a site. Adding relevant keywords to a web page's meta data, including the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEAD_tag" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HEAD tag">title tag and meta description</a>, will tend to improve the relevancy of a site's search listings, thus increasing traffic. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_normalization" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="URL normalization">URL normalization</a> of web pages accessible via multiple urls, using the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_link_element" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canonical link element">canonical link element</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup> or via <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/301_redirect" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="301 redirect">301 redirects</a> can help make sure links to different versions of the url all count towards the page's link popularity score.</div>
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SEO techniques can be classified into two broad categories: techniques that search engines recommend as part of good design, and those techniques of which search engines do not approve. The search engines attempt to minimize the effect of the latter, among them <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamdexing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spamdexing">spamdexing</a>. Industry commentators have classified these methods, and the practitioners who employ them, as either <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hat_(computer_security)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="White hat (computer security)">white hat</a> SEO, or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hat_hacking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black hat hacking">black hat</a> SEO.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup> White hats tend to produce results that last a long time, whereas black hats anticipate that their sites may eventually be banned either temporarily or permanently once the search engines discover what they are doing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup></div>
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An SEO technique is considered white hat if it conforms to the search engines' guidelines and involves no deception. As the search engine guidelines<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-g-wmguide_31-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-g-wmguide-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ms-wmguide_32-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-ms-wmguide-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup> are not written as a series of rules or commandments, this is an important distinction to note. White hat SEO is not just about following guidelines, but is about ensuring that the content a search engine indexes and subsequently ranks is the same content a user will see. White hat advice is generally summed up as creating content for users, not for search engines, and then making that content easily accessible to the spiders, rather than attempting to trick the algorithm from its intended purpose. White hat SEO is in many ways similar to web development that promotes accessibility,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup> although the two are not identical.</div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamdexing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spamdexing">Black hat SEO</a> attempts to improve rankings in ways that are disapproved of by the search engines, or involve deception. One black hat technique uses text that is hidden, either as text colored similar to the background, in an invisible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Span_and_div" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Span and div">div</a>, or positioned off screen. Another method gives a different page depending on whether the page is being requested by a human visitor or a search engine, a technique known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloaking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cloaking">cloaking</a>.</div>
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Search engines may penalize sites they discover using black hat methods, either by reducing their rankings or eliminating their listings from their databases altogether. Such penalties can be applied either automatically by the search engines' algorithms, or by a manual site review. One example was the February 2006 Google removal of both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="BMW">BMW</a>Germany and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricoh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a> Germany for use of deceptive practices.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-intwebspam_46-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-intwebspam-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup> Both companies, however, quickly apologized, fixed the offending pages, and were restored to Google's list.</div>
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SEO is not an appropriate strategy for every website, and other Internet marketing strategies can be more effective like paid advertising through PPC campaigns, depending on the site operator's goals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup> A successful Internet marketing campaign may also depend upon building high quality web pages to engage and persuade, setting up <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_analytics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web analytics">analytics</a>programs to enable site owners to measure results, and improving a site's <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_rate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conversion rate">conversion rate</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup></div>
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SEO may generate an adequate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a>. However, search engines are not paid for organic search traffic, their algorithms change, and there are no guarantees of continued referrals. Due to this lack of guarantees and certainty, a business that relies heavily on search engine traffic can suffer major losses if the search engines stop sending visitors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup> Search engines can change their algorithms, impacting a website's placement, possibly resulting in a serious loss of traffic. According to Google's CEO, Eric Schmidt, in 2010, Google made over 500 algorithm changes – almost 1.5 per day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup> It is considered wise business practice for website operators to liberate themselves from dependence on search engine traffic.</div>
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SEO is not an appropriate strategy for every website, and other Internet marketing strategies can be more effective like paid advertising through PPC campaigns, depending on the site operator's goals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup> A successful Internet marketing campaign may also depend upon building high quality web pages to engage and persuade, setting up <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_analytics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web analytics">analytics</a>programs to enable site owners to measure results, and improving a site's <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_rate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conversion rate">conversion rate</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup></div>
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SEO may generate an adequate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a>. However, search engines are not paid for organic search traffic, their algorithms change, and there are no guarantees of continued referrals. Due to this lack of guarantees and certainty, a business that relies heavily on search engine traffic can suffer major losses if the search engines stop sending visitors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup> Search engines can change their algorithms, impacting a website's placement, possibly resulting in a serious loss of traffic. According to Google's CEO, Eric Schmidt, in 2010, Google made over 500 algorithm changes – almost 1.5 per day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup> It is considered wise business practice for website operators to liberate themselves from dependence on search engine traffic.</div>
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On October 17, 2002, SearchKing filed suit in the United States District Court, Western District of Oklahoma, against the search engine Google. SearchKing's claim was that Google's tactics to prevent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamdexing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spamdexing">spamdexing</a> constituted a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortious_interference" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tortious interference">tortious interference</a> with contractual relations. On May 27, 2003, the court granted Google's motion to dismiss the complaint because SearchKing "failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[58]</a></sup></div>
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In March 2006, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KinderStart&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="KinderStart (page does not exist)">KinderStart</a> filed a lawsuit against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google">Google</a> over search engine rankings. Kinderstart's website was removed from Google's index prior to the lawsuit and the amount of traffic to the site dropped by 70%. On March 16, 2007 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">United States District Court for the Northern District of California</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a> Division) dismissed KinderStart's complaint without leave to amend, and partially granted Google's motion for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure#Chapter_III_-_Pleadings_and_Motions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federal Rules of Civil Procedure">Rule 11</a> sanctions against KinderStart's attorney, requiring him to pay part of Google's legal expenses.</div>
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Copyrighted by: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com69tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-32097153162900423052014-06-16T17:59:00.002+05:302014-06-16T17:59:35.586+05:30Google Custom Search<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR1Z9ERRCLrIrdzElOmrWFITG02oPDJFaAIgeFiLilfqGnMtLjGvnmKmMVQCk7kXixv0MxxbJjJmkqanRc6zCw9dV0t4tDMQCO_c_Gvyku4ruTtScRjffV-3Y_8YwP9nns3ofjzrfg6hkp/s1600/google+custom+search+engine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR1Z9ERRCLrIrdzElOmrWFITG02oPDJFaAIgeFiLilfqGnMtLjGvnmKmMVQCk7kXixv0MxxbJjJmkqanRc6zCw9dV0t4tDMQCO_c_Gvyku4ruTtScRjffV-3Y_8YwP9nns3ofjzrfg6hkp/s1600/google+custom+search+engine.jpg" height="136" width="320" /></a></div>
<b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">Google Custom Search</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> (formerly known as </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">Google Co-op</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">) is a platform provided by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; text-decoration: none;" title="Google">Google</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> that allows web developers to feature specialized information in web searches, refine and categorize queries and create customized search engines, based on </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Search">Google Search</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">. Google launched the service on May 10, 2006.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">Released on October 24, 2006, Google Custom Search allows anyone to create their own search engine by themselves. Search engines can be created to search for information on particular topics chosen by the creator. Google Custom Search Engine allows creators to select what websites will be used to search for information which helps to eliminate any unwanted websites or information. Creators can also attach their custom search engine to any blog or webpage. </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_AdSense" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; text-decoration: none;" title="Google AdSense">Google AdSense</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> results can also be triggered from certain search queries, which would generate revenue for the site owner. This service is currently being beta tested, with bugs, enhancements and feedback from developers being recorded at the "Google Custom Search Engine Enhancement Page".</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">Subscribed Links are web results that users can manually subscribe to. Anyone is allowed to make a new Subscribed Link, and do not necessarily need knowledge on how to create a feed, as a basic link can be created. Subscriptions are then available in a special directory.</span><br />
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Topics are specific areas of search, which can be developed by people with knowledge of a certain subject. These topics are then displayed at the top of relevant Google web searches, so the user can refine the searches to what they want. Currently, there is a limited number of topics that Google is wanting to develop, namely Health, Destination Guides, Autos, Com</div>
puter games, Photography and Home Theater.<br />
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One of the topics with many contributions is Health.</div>
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They include the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_On_the_Net_Foundation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Health On the Net Foundation">Health On the Net Foundation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> and others.</div>
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Copyrighted by: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Custom_Search">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Custom_Search</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-17142394543558040572014-06-15T00:06:00.002+05:302014-06-15T00:06:52.123+05:30Social media marketing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Social media marketing refers to the process of gaining website traffic or attention through social media sites.[1]</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Social media marketing programs usually center on efforts to create content that attracts attention and encourages readers to share it with their social networks. The resulting electronic word of mouth (eWoM) refers to any statement consumers share via the Internet (e.g., web sites, social networks, instant messages, news feeds) about an event, product, service, brand or company.[2] When the underlying message spreads from user to user and presumably resonates because it appears to come from a trusted, third-party source, as opposed to the brand or company itself,[3] this form of marketing results in earned media rather than paid media.[4]</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Social networking websites allow individuals to interact with one another and build relationships. When companies join the social channels, consumers can interact with them and they can communicate with consumers directly. That interaction feels more personal to users than traditional methods of strictly outbound marketing & advertising.[5]</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Social networking sites and blogs allow individual followers to “retweet” or “repost” comments made by the product being promoted. By repeating the message, all of the users connections are able to see the message, therefore reaching more people. Social networking sites act as word of mouth. Because the information about the product is being put out there and is getting repeated, more traffic is brought to the product/company.[5]</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Through social networking sites, companies can interact with individual followers. This personal interaction can instill a feeling of loyalty into followers and potential customers. Also, by choosing whom to follow on these sites, products can reach a very narrow target audience.[5]</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Social networking sites also include a vast amount of information about what products and services prospective clients might be interested in. Through the use of new SemanticAnalysis technologies, marketers can detect buying signals, such as content shared by people and questions posted online. Understanding of buying signals can help sales people target relevant prospects and marketers run micro-targeted campaigns.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Mobile phone usage has also become beneficial for social media marketing. Today, most cell phones have social networking capabilities: individuals are notified of any happenings on social networking sites through their cell phones, in real-time. This constant connection to social networking sites means products and companies can constantly remind and update followers about their capabilities, uses, importance, etc. Because cell phones are connected to social networking sites, advertisements are always in sight. Also many companies are now putting QR codes along with products for individuals to access the company website or online services with their smart-phones.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>In the context of the social web, engagement means that customers and stakeholders are participants rather than viewers. Social media in business allows anyone and everyone to express and share an opinion or an idea somewhere along the business’s path to market. Each participating customer becomes part of the marketing department, as other customers read their comments or reviews. The engagement process is then fundamental to successful social media marketing.[6]</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Social networking sites can have a large impact on the outcome of events. In 2010, a Facebook campaign surfaced in the form of a petition. Users virtually signed a petition askingNBC Universal to have actress Betty White host Saturday Night Live.[7][8] Once signed, users forwarded the petition to all of their followers. The petition went viral and on May 8, 2010, Betty White hosted SNL.[9]</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>The 2008 US presidential campaign had a huge presence on social networking sites. Barack Obama, a Democratic candidate for US President, used Twitter and Facebook to differentiate his campaign. His social networking profile pages were constantly being updated and interacting with followers. The use of social networking sites gave Barack Obama’s campaign access to e-mail addresses, as posted on social network profile pages. This allowed the Democratic Party to launch e-mail campaigns asking for votes and campaign donations.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Small businesses also use social networking sites as a promotional technique. Businesses can follow individuals social networking site uses in the local area and advertise specials and deals. These can be exclusive and in the form of “get a free drink with a copy of this tweet”. This type of message encourages other locals to follow the business on the sites in order to obtain the promotional deal. In the process, the business is getting seen and promoting itself (brand visibility).</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>A short film released on March 5, 2012, by humanitarian group Invisible Children, Inc. This 29 minute video aimed at making Joseph Kony, an International Criminal Court fugitive, famous worldwide in order to have support for his arrest by December 2012; the time when the campaign ends.[10] The video went viral within the first six days after its launch, reaching 100 million views on both YouTube and Vimeo.[11] According to research done by Visible Measures, the Kony 2012 short film became the fastest growing video campaign, and most viral video, to reach 100 million views in 6 days followed by Susan Boyle performance on Britain’s Got Talent that reached 70 million views in 6 days.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>In May 2014, Instagram had over 200 million users. The user engagement rate of Instagram was 15 times higher than of Facebook and 25 times higher than that of Twitter.[41]According to Scott Galloway, the founder of L2 and a professor of marketing at New York University’s Stern School of Business, latest studies estimate that 93 percent of prestige brands have an active presence on Instagram and include it in their marketing mix.[42] When it comes to brands and businesses, Instagram's goal is to help companies to reach their respective audiences through captivating imagery in a rich, visual environment.[43] Moreover, Instagram provides a platform where user and company can communicate publicly and directly, making itself an ideal platform for companies to connect with their current and potential customers.[44]</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Many brands are now heavily using this mobile app to boost their visual marketing strategy. Instagram can be used to gain the necessary momentum needed to capture the attention of the market segment that has an interest in the product offering or services.[45] As Instagram is supported by Apple and android system, it can be easily accessed by smart phone users. Moreover, it can be accessed by Internet as well. Thus, the marketers see it as a potential platform to expand their brands exposure to the public, especially the younger target group. On top of this, marketers do not only use social media for traditional Internet advertising, but they also encourage users to create attention for a certain brand. This generally create an opportunity for greater brand exposure.[46] Furthermore, marketers are also using the platform to drive social shopping and inspire people to collect and share pictures of their favorite products. Many big names have already jumped on board: Starbucks, MTV, Nike, Marc Jacobs, Red Bull are a few examples of multinationals that adopted the mobile photo app early.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Instagram has proven itself a powerful platform for marketers to reach their customers and prospects through sharing pictures and brief messages. According to a study by Simply Measured, 71 percent of the world’s largest brands are now using Instagram as a marketing channel.[47] For companies, Instagram can be used as a tool to connect and communicate with current and potential customers. The company can present a more personal picture of their brand, and by doing so the company conveys a better and true picture of itself. The idea of Instagram pictures lies on on-the-go, a sense that the event is happening right now, and that adds another layer to the personal and accurate picture of the company. Another option Instagram provides the opportunity for companies to reflect a true picture of the brand through the perspective of the customers, for instance, using the user-generated contents thought the hashtags encouragement.[48] Other than the filters and hashtags functions, the Instagram’s 15-second videos and the recently added ability to send private messages between users have opened new opportunities for brands to connect with customers in a new extent, further promoting effective marketing on Instagram.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>YouTube</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>YouTube is another popular avenue; advertisements are done in a way to suit the target audience. The type of language used in the commercials and the ideas used to promote the product reflect the audience's style and taste.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Also, the ads on this platform are usually in sync with the content of the video requested, this is another advantage YouTube brings for advertisers. Certain ads are presented with certain videos since the content is relevant. Promotional opportunities such as sponsoring a video is also possible on YouTube, "for example, a user who searches for a YouTube video on dog training may be presented with a sponsored video from a dog toy company in results along with other videos." YouTube also enable publishers to earn money through its YouTube Partner Program.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Delicious, Digg and Reddit</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Delicious, Digg and Reddit are popular social bookmarking sites used in social media promotion. They are heavily used by the social media marketers to promote their websites due to their ability to share links.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Blogs</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Platforms like LinkedIn create an environment for companies and clients to connect online. Companies that recognize the need for information, originality, and accessibility employ blogs to make their products popular and unique, and ultimately reach out to consumers who are privy to social media.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Blogs allow a product or company to provide longer descriptions of products or services, can include testimonials and can link to and from other social network and blog pages. Blogs can be updated frequently and are promotional techniques for keeping customers, and also for acquiring followers and subscribers who can then be directed to social network pages.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Online communities can enable a business to reach the clients of other businesses using the platform. To allow firms to measure their standing in the corporate world, sites likeGlassdoor enable employees to place evaluations of their companies.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Some businesses opt out of integrating social media platforms into their traditional marketing regimen. There are also specific corporate standards that apply when interacting online. To maintain an advantage in a business-consumer relationship, businesses have to be aware of four key assets that consumers maintain: information, involvement, community, and control.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Tumblr</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Tumblr first launched ad products on May 29, 2012. Rather than relying on simple banner ads, Tumblr requires advertisers to create a Tumblr blog so the content of those blogs can be featured through the site. In one year, four native ad formats were created on web and mobile, and had more than 100 brands advertising on Tumblr with 500 cumulative sponsored posts.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Ad Formats</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Sponsored Mobile Post – Advertisements (Advertisers’ blog posts) will show up on user’s Dashboard when the user is on a mobile device such as smartphones and tablets, allowing them to like, reblog, and share the sponsored post.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Sponsored Web Post – “Largest in-stream ad unit on the web” that catches the users’ attention when looking at their Dashboard through their computer or laptop. It also allows the viewers to like, reblog, and share it.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Sponsored Radar – Radar picks up exceptional posts from the whole Tumblr community based on their originality and creativity. It is placed on the right side next to the Dashboard, and it typically earns 120 million daily impressions. Sponsored radar allows advertisers to place their posts there to have an opportunity to earn new followers, Reblogs, and Likes.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Sponsored Spotlight – Spotlight is a directory of some of the popular blogs throughout the community and a place where users can find new blogs to follow. Advertisers can choose one category out of fifty categories that they can have their blog listed on there.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>These posts can be one or more of the following: images, photo sets, animated GIFs, video, audio, and text posts. For the users to differentiate the promoted posts to the regular users’ posts, the promoted posts have a dollar symbol on the corner. On May 6, 2014 Tumblr announced customization and theming on mobile apps for brands to advertise.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Advertising Campaign on Tumblr</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Disney/Pixar’s Monsters University:Created a tumblr account, MUGrumblr, saying that the account is maintained by a ‘Monstropolis transplant’ and ‘self-diagnosed coffee addict’ who is currently a sophomore at Monsters University. A “student” from Monsters University uploaded memes, animated GIFs, and Instagram-like photos that are related to the movie.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Apple’s iPhone 5c: Created a tumblr page, labeling it “Every color has a story” with the website name: “ISee5c”. As soon as you visit the website, the page is covered with different colors representing the iPhone 5c phone colors and case colors. When you click on one of the colored section, a 15 second video plays a song and “showcases the dots featured on the rear of the iPhone 5c official cases and on the iOS 7 dynamic wallpapers...”, concluding with words that are related to the video’s theme.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Why Tumblr is Used for Advertising</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>One of the reasons why Tumblr is appealing to companies is because of how much people use Tumblr.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>There are currently 190.1 million blogs (As of June, 2014)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>300 million unique monthly visitors (Basically 15% of all internet users)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Available in 13 languages</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>Copyrighted by: </b></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_marketing">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_marketing</a></b></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1724tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-2980949187942318392014-06-08T12:46:00.001+05:302014-06-08T12:52:48.569+05:30ONLINE CLASSES <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>E-learning</b> (or eLearning) is the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_media" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electronic media">electronic media</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information and communication technologies">information and communication technologies</a> (ICT) in education. E-learning is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semantics">broadly inclusive</a> of all forms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Educational technology">educational technology</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Learning">learning</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teaching">teaching</a>. E-learning is inclusive of, and is broadly synonymous with <b>multimedia learning</b>, <b>technology-enhanced learning</b> (<b>TEL</b>), <b>computer-based instruction</b> (<b>CBI</b>), <b>computer managed instruction</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> <b>computer-based training</b> (<b>CBT</b>), <b>computer-assisted instruction or computer-aided instruction</b> (<b>CAI</b>), <b>internet-based training</b> (<b>IBT</b>), <b>web-based training</b> (<b>WBT</b>), <b>online education</b>, <b>virtual education</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_learning_environment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Virtual learning environment">virtual learning environments</a> (<b>VLE</b>) (which are also called <b>learning platforms</b>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="M-learning">m-learning</a>, and digital educational collaboration. These alternative names emphasize a particular aspect, component or delivery method.</div>
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E-learning includes numerous types of media that deliver text, audio, images, animation, and streaming video, and includes technology applications and processes such as audio or video tape, satellite TV, CD-ROM, and computer-based learning, as well as local intranet/extranet and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Wide Web">web</a>-based learning. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systems" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information systems">Information</a> and<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_systems" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Communication systems">communication systems</a>, whether free-standing or based on either local networks or the Internet in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networked_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Networked learning">networked learning</a>, underly many e-learning processes.</div>
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E-learning can occur in or out of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classroom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Classroom">classroom</a>. It can be self-paced, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asynchronous learning">asynchronous learning</a> or may be instructor-led, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synchronous learning">synchronous learning</a>. E-learning is suited to<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a> and flexible learning, but it can also be used in conjunction with face-to-face teaching, in which case the term <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blended_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blended learning">blended learning</a> is commonly used.</div>
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E-learning in learning and education refers to the use of modern technology, such as computers, digital technology, networked digital devices (e.g., the Internet) and associated software and courseware. There are several aspects to describing the intellectual and technical development of e-learning, which can be categorized into discrete areas. These are addressed in turn in the sections of this article:</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">e-learning as an <b>educational approach</b> or tool that supports traditional subjects;</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">e-learning as a <b>technological medium</b> that assists in the communication of knowledge, and its development and exchange;</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">e-learning itself as an <b>educational subject</b>; such courses may be called "Computer Studies" or "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information and communication technologies">Information and Communication Technology</a> (ICT)";</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">e-learning <b>administrative tools</b> such as education management information systems (EMIS).</li>
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E-learning is an inclusive term that describes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Educational technology">educational technology</a> that electronically or technologically supports <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Learning">learning</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teaching">teaching</a>. <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Luskin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Bernard Luskin (page does not exist)">Bernard Luskin</a>, a pioneer of e-learning, advocates that the "e" should be interpreted to mean "exciting, energetic, enthusiastic, emotional, extended, excellent, and educational" in addition to "electronic." This broad interpretation focuses on new applications and developments, and also brings learning and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_psychology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Media psychology">media psychology</a> into consideration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> Parks suggested that the "e" should refer to "everything, everyone, engaging, easy".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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Depending on whether a particular aspect, component or delivery method is given emphasis, a wide array of similar or overlapping terms has been used. As such, e-learning encompasses <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> learning, technology-enhanced learning (TEL), computer-based training (CBT), computer-assisted instruction (CAI), internet-based training (IBT), web-based training (WBT), online education, virtual education, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_learning_environment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Virtual learning environment">virtual learning environments</a> (VLE) which are also called learning platforms, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="M-learning">m-learning</a>, digital educational collaboration, distributed learning, computer-mediated communication, cyber-learning, and multi-modal instruction. Every one of these numerous terms has had its advocates, who point up particular potential distinctions. In practice, as technology has advanced, the particular "narrowly defined" aspect that was initially emphasized has blended into "e-learning." As an example, "virtual learning" in a narrowly defined <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semantics">semantic</a> sense implies entering the environmental simulation within a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_world" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a>, for example in treating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">posttraumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD). In practice, a "virtual education course" refers to any instructional course in which all, or at least a significant portion, is delivered by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a>. "Virtual" is used in that broader way to describe a course that not taught in a classroom face-to-face but through a substitute mode that can conceptually be associated "virtually" with classroom teaching, which means that people do not have to go to the physical classroom to learn. Accordingly, virtual education refers to a form of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a> in which course content is delivered by various methods such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Learning management system">course management applications</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> resources, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_teleconference" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Video teleconference">videoconferencing</a>. Students and instructors communicate via these technologies.</div>
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The worldwide e-learning industry is economically significant, and was estimated in 2000 to be over $48 billion according to conservative estimates. Developments in internet and multimedia technologies are the basic enabler of e-learning, with consulting, content, technologies, services and support being identified as the five key sectors of the e-learning industry. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information and communication technologies">Information and communication technologies</a> (ICT) are used extensively by young people.</div>
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E-learning expenditures differ within and between countries. Finland, Norway, Belgium and Korea appear to have comparatively effective programs.</div>
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In 1960, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois</a> initiated a classroom system based in linked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer terminal">computer terminals</a> where students could access informational resources on a particular course while listening to the lectures that were recorded via some form of remotely linked device like television or audio device.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></div>
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In the early 1960s, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> psychology professors <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Atkinson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard C. Atkinson">Richard C. Atkinson</a> experimented with using computers to teach math and reading to young children in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elementary school">elementary schools</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Palo_Alto,_California" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East Palo Alto, California">East Palo Alto, California</a>. Stanford's <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Program_for_Gifted_Youth" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Education Program for Gifted Youth">Education Program for Gifted Youth</a> is descended from those early experiments. In 1963, Bernard Luskin installed the first computer in a community college for instruction, working with Stanford and others, developed computer assisted instruction. Luskin completed his landmark UCLA dissertation working with the Rand Corporation in analyzing obstacles to computer assisted instruction in 1970.</div>
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Educational institutions began to take advantage of the new medium by offering distance learning courses using computer networking for information.</div>
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Early e-learning systems, based on Computer-Based Learning/Training often attempted to replicate autocratic teaching styles whereby the role of the e-learning system was assumed to be for transferring knowledge, as opposed to systems developed later based on <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Supported_Collaborative_Learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer Supported Collaborative Learning">Computer Supported Collaborative Learning</a> (CSCL), which encouraged the shared development of knowledge.</div>
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Computer-based learning made up many early e-learning courses such as those developed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Turoff" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Murray Turoff">Murray Turoff</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starr_Roxanne_Hiltz" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Starr Roxanne Hiltz">Starr Roxanne Hiltz</a> in the 1970s and 80s at the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Institute_of_Technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Jersey Institute of Technology">New Jersey Institute of Technology</a>, and the ones developed at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Guelph" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Guelph">University of Guelph</a> in Canada. In 1976, Bernard Luskin launched <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastline_Community_College" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coastline Community College">Coastline Community College</a> as a "college without walls" using television station <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOCE-TV" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="KOCE-TV">KOCE-TV</a> as a vehicle. By the mid-1980s, accessing course content become possible at many college libraries.</div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassandra_B._Whyte" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cassandra B. Whyte">Cassandra B. Whyte</a> researched about the ever increasing role that computers would play in higher education. This evolution, to include computer-supported collaborative learning, in addition to data management, has been realized. The type of computers has changed over the years from cumbersome, slow devices taking up much space in the classroom, home, and office to laptops and handheld devices that are more portable in form and size and this minimalization of technology devices will continue.</div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Open University">Open University</a> in Britain and the University of British Columbia (where Web CT, now incorporated into Blackboard Inc. was first developed) began a revolution of using the Internet to deliver learning, making heavy use of web-based training and online distance learning and online discussion between students. Practitioners such as Harasim (1995) put heavy emphasis on the use of learning networks.</div>
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With the advent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> in the 1990s, teachers embarked on the method using emerging technologies to employ multi-object oriented sites, which are text-based online virtual reality system, to create course websites along with simple sets instructions for its students. As the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a> becomes popularized, correspondence schools like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Phoenix" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Phoenix">University of Phoenix</a> became highly interested with the virtual education, setting up a name for itself in 1980.</div>
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In 1993, Graziadei described an online computer-delivered lecture, tutorial and assessment project using electronic mail. By 1994, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompuHigh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CompuHigh">first online high school</a> had been founded. In 1997, Graziadei described criteria for evaluating products and developing technology-based courses include being portable, replicable, scalable, and affordable, and having a high probability of long-term cost-effectiveness.</div>
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By 1994, CALCampus presented its first online curriculum as Internet becoming more accessible through major telecommunications networks. CALCampus is where concepts of online-based school first originated, this allowed to progress real-time classroom instructions and Quantum Link classrooms. With the drastic shift of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a> functionality, multimedia began introducing new schemes of communication; through the invention of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Webcam">webcams</a>, educators can simply record lessons live and upload them on the website page. There are currently wide varieties of online education that are reachable for colleges, universities and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="K-12">K-12</a> students. In fact, the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Center for Education Statistics">National Center for Education Statistics</a> estimate the number of K-12 students enrolled in online distance learning programs increased by 65 percent from 2002 to 2005. This form of high learning allowed for greater flexibility by easing the communication between teacher and student, now teachers received quick lecture feedbacks from their students. The idea of Virtual Education soon became popular and many institutions began following the new norm in the education history.</div>
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The emergence of e-learning is arguably one of the most powerful tools available to the growing need for education. The need to improve access to education opportunities allowed students who desire to pursue their education but are constricted due to the distance of the institution to achieve education through "virtual connection" newly available to them. Online education is rapidly increasing and becoming as a viable alternative for traditional classrooms. According to a 2008 study conducted by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Department of Education">U.S Department of Education</a>, back in 2006-2007 academic year, about 66% of postsecondary public and private schools began participating in student financial aid programs offered some distance learning courses, record shows only 77% of enrollment in for-credit courses being for those with an online component. In 2008, the Council of Europe passed a statement endorsing e-learning's potential to drive equality and education improvements across the EU.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">The extent to which e-learning assists or replaces other learning and teaching approaches is variable, ranging on a continuum from none to fully <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Wide Web">online</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_learning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a>. A variety of descriptive terms have been employed (somewhat inconsistently) to categorize the extent to which technology is used. For example, 'hybrid learning' or '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blended_learning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blended learning">blended learning</a>' may refer to classroom aids and laptops, or may refer to approaches in which traditional classroom time is reduced but not eliminated, and is replaced with some online learning. 'Distributed learning' may describe either the e-learning component of a hybrid approach, or fully online <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_learning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a> environments.</span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 11.666666030883789px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">Another scheme described the level of technological support as 'web enhanced', 'web supplemented' and 'web dependent'.(Sloan Commission)</span></div>
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E-learning may either be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synchronous learning">synchronous</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asynchronous learning">asynchronous</a>. Synchronous learning occurs in real-time, with all participants interacting at the same time, while asynchronous learning is self-paced and allows participants to engage in the exchange of ideas or information without the dependency of other participants′ involvement at the same time.</div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synchronous learning">Synchronous learning</a> involves the exchange of ideas and information with one or more participants during the same period of time. A face-to-face discussion is an example of synchronous communications. In e-learning environments, examples of synchronous communications include online real-time live teacher instruction and feedback, Skype conversations, or chat rooms or virtual classrooms where everyone is online and working collaboratively at the same time.</div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asynchronous learning">Asynchronous learning</a> may use technologies such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Email">email</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blog">blogs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wiki">wikis</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussion_board" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Discussion board">discussion boards</a>, as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Wide Web">web</a>-supported textbooks, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> documents, audio video courses, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social networking">social networking</a> using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web 2.0">web 2.0</a>. At the professional educational level, training may include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Operating_Room" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Virtual Operating Room">virtual operating rooms</a>. Asynchronous learning is particularly beneficial for students who have health problems or have child care responsibilities and regularly leaving the home to attend lectures is difficult. They have the opportunity to complete their work in a low stress environment and within a more flexible timeframe. In <i>asynchronous</i> online courses, students proceed at their own pace. If they need to listen to a lecture a second time, or think about a question for a while, they may do so without fearing that they will hold back the rest of the class. Through online courses, students can earn their diplomas more quickly, or repeat failed courses without the embarrassment of being in a class with younger students. Students also have access to an incredible variety of enrichment courses in online learning, and can participate in college courses, internships, sports, or work and still graduate with their class.</div>
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Both the asynchronous and synchronous methods rely heavily on self-motivation, self-discipline, and the ability to communicate in writing effectively.</div>
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Computer-based learning or training (CBT) refers to self-paced learning activities delivered on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer">computer</a> or handheld device such as a tablet or smartphone. CBT often delivers content via CD-ROM, and typically presents content in a linear fashion, much like reading an online book or manual. For this reason, CBT is often used to teach static processes, such as using software or completing mathematical equations. Computer-based training is conceptually similar to web-based training (WBT), the primary difference being that WBTs are delivered via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a> using a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web browser">web browser</a>.</div>
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Assessing learning in a CBT is often by assessments that can be easily scored by a computer such as multiple choice questions, drag-and-drop, radio button, simulation or other interactive means. Assessments are easily scored and recorded via online software, providing immediate end-user feedback and completion status. Users are often able to print completion records in the form of certificates.</div>
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CBTs provide learning stimulus beyond traditional learning methodology from textbook, manual, or classroom-based instruction. For example, CBTs offer user-friendly solutions for satisfying continuing education requirements. Instead of limiting students to attending courses or reading printed manuals, students are able to acquire knowledge and skills through methods that are much more conducive to individual learning preferences. For example, CBTs offer visual learning benefits through animation or video, not typically offered by any other means.</div>
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CBTs can be a good alternative to printed learning materials since rich media, including videos or animations, can easily be embedded to enhance the learning.</div>
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However, CBTs pose some learning challenges. Typically the creation of effective CBTs requires enormous resources. The software for developing CBTs (such as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Director" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adobe Director">Adobe Director</a>) is often more complex than a subject matter expert or teacher is able to use. In addition, the lack of human interaction can limit both the type of content that can be presented as well as the type of assessment that can be performed. Many learning organizations are beginning to use smaller CBT/WBT activities as part of a broader online learning program which may include online discussion or other interactive elements.</div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-supported_collaborative_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer-supported collaborative learning">Computer-supported collaborative learning</a> (CSCL) uses instructional methods designed to encourage or require students to work together on learning tasks. CSCL is similar in concept to the terminology, "e-learning 2.0" and "networked collaborative learning" (NCL).</div>
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Collaborative learning is distinguishable from the traditional approach to instruction in which the instructor is the principal source of knowledge and skills. For example, the neologism "e-learning 1.0" refers to the direct transfer method in computer-based learning and training systems (CBL). In contrast to the linear delivery of content, often directly from the instructor's material, CSCL uses <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blog">blogs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wiki">wikis</a>, and cloud-based document portals (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropbox_(service)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dropbox (service)">Dropbox</a>). With technological <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> advances, sharing information between multiple people in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networked_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Networked learning">network</a> has become much easier and use has increased. One of the main reasons for its usage states that it is "a breeding ground for creative and engaging educational endeavors."</div>
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Using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> social tools in the classroom allows for students and teachers to work collaboratively, discuss ideas, and promote information. According to Sendall (2008),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup> blogs, wikis, and social networking skills are found to be significantly useful in the classroom. After initial instruction on using the tools, students also reported an increase in knowledge and comfort level for using Web 2.0 tools. The collaborative tools also prepare students with technology skills necessary in today's workforce.</div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_of_control" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Locus of control">Locus of control</a> remains an important consideration in successful engagement of e-learners. According to the work of Cassandra B. Whyte, the continuing attention to aspects of motivation and success in regard to e-learning should be kept in context and concert with other educational efforts. Information about motivational tendencies can help educators, psychologists, and technologists develop insights to help students perform better academically.</div>
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Classroom 2.0 refers to online <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUVE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="MUVE">multi-user virtual environments</a> (MUVEs) that connect schools across geographical frontiers. Also known as "eTwinning", <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-supported_collaborative_learning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer-supported collaborative learning">computer-supported collaborative learning</a> (CSCL) allows learners in one school to communicate with learners in another that they would not get to know otherwise,enhancing educational outcomes and cultural integration. Examples of classroom 2.0 applications are Blogger and Skype.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">E-learning 2.0 is a type of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-supported_collaborative_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer-supported collaborative learning">computer-supported collaborative learning</a> (CSCL) system that developed with the emergence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>. From an e-learning 2.0 perspective, conventional e-learning systems were based on instructional packets, which were delivered to students using assignments. Assignments were evaluated by the teacher. In contrast, the new e-learning places increased emphasis on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_learning_(social_pedagogy)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social learning (social pedagogy)">social learning</a> and use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_software" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social software">social software</a> such as blogs, wikis, podcasts and virtual worlds such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Life" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Second Life">Second Life</a></i>. This phenomenon has also been referred to as Long Tail Learning</span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 11.666666030883789px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">See also (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning#CITEREFSeely_BrownAdler2008" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; text-decoration: none;">Seely Brown & Adler 2008</a><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">)</span></div>
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E-learning 2.0, in contrast to e-learning systems not based on CSCL, assumes that knowledge (as meaning and understanding) is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social constructionism">socially constructed</a>. Learning takes place through conversations about content and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounded_theory" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grounded theory">grounded</a> interaction about problems and actions. Advocates of social learning claim that one of the best ways to learn something is to teach it to others.</div>
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In addition to virtual classroom environments, social networks have become an important part of E-learning 2.0. Social networks have been used to foster <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_learning_community" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Online learning community">online learning communities</a> around subjects as diverse as test preparation and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_education" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Language education">language education</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Assisted_Language_Learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mobile Assisted Language Learning">Mobile Assisted Language Learning</a> (MALL) is the use of handheld computers or cell phones to assist in language learning. Traditional educators may not promote social networking unless they are communicating with their own colleagues.</div>
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Virtual worlds for e-Learning have been amongst the first applications being deployed in clouds in order to exploit the characteristics of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a> with respect to on-demand provision of resources during runtime.</div>
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Various technologies are used to facilitate e-learning. Most e-learning uses combinations of these techniques, including <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogs" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blogs">blogs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_software" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Collaborative software">collaborative software</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPortfolio" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="EPortfolio">ePortfolios</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_classrooms" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Virtual classrooms">virtual classrooms</a>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Audio">Audio</span></h3>
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The radio has been around for a long time and has been used in educational classrooms. Recent technologies have allowed classroom teachers to stream audio over the internet. There are also webcasts and podcasts available over the internet for students and teachers to download. For example, iTunes has various podcasts available on a variety of subjects that can be downloaded for free.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Video">Video</span></h3>
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Videos allow teachers to reach students who are visual learners and tend to learn best by seeing the material rather than hearing or reading about it. Teachers can access video clips through the internet instead of relying on DVDs or VHS tapes. Websites like YouTube are used by many teachers. Teachers can use messaging programs such as Skype, Adobe Connect, or webcams, to interact with guest speakers and other experts. Interactive video games are being integrated in the curriculum at both K-12 and higher education institutions.</div>
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Research on the use of video in lessons is preliminary, but early results show an increased retention and better results when video is used in a lesson. Creating a systematic video development method holds promise for creating video models that positively impact student learning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Computers.2C_tablets_and_mobile_devices">Computers, tablets and mobile devices</span></h3>
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Computers and tablets allow students and teachers access to websites and other programs, such as Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, PDF files, and images. Many mobile devices support <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="M-learning">m-learning</a>. Turkey's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatih_project" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fatih project">Fatih project</a> is putting tablet computers in the hands of every student from grade 5 to 12, and interactive whiteboards in every classroom.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Blogging">Blogging</span></h3>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blog">Blogs</a> allow students and teachers to post their thoughts, ideas, and comments on a website. Blogging allows students and instructors to share their thoughts and comments on the thoughts of others which could create an interactive learning environment.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Webcams">Webcams</span></h3>
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The development of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Webcam">webcams</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcasting" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Webcasting">webcasting</a> has facilitated the creation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_education" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Distance education">virtual classrooms</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_learning_environment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Virtual learning environment">Virtual learning environment</a>. Virtual classrooms supported by such technology are becoming more and more popular, especially since they are contributing as a main solution to solving problems with travel expenses. Virtual classrooms with such technology also provide the benefits of being easy to set up.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Whiteboards">Whiteboards</span></h3>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_whiteboards" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Interactive whiteboards">Interactive whiteboards</a>, similar in use to "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Board" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Smart Board">smartboards</a>", allow teachers and students to write on the touch screen, so learning becomes interactive and engaging.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Screencasting">Screencasting</span></h3>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screencast" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Screencast">Screencasting</a> is a recent trend in e-learning. There are many screencasting tools available that allow users to share their screens directly from their browser and make the video available online so that the viewers can stream the video directly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a></sup> The advantage of such tools is that it gives the presenter the ability to show his ideas and flow of thoughts rather than simply explain them, which may be more confusing when delivered via simple text instructions. With the combination of video and audio, the expert can mimic the one-on-one experience of the classroom and deliver clear, complete instructions. From the learner's point of view this provides the ability to pause and rewind and gives the learners the advantage of moving at their own pace, something a classroom cannot always offer.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Combining_technology">Combining technology</span></h3>
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Along with the terms <i>learning technology</i>, <i>instructional technology</i>, the term <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Educational technology">educational technology</a> refers to the use of technology in learning in a much broader sense than the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-based_training" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer-based training">computer-based training</a> or <i>Computer Aided Instruction</i> of the 1980s. It is also broader than the terms <i>Online Learning</i> or <i>Online Education</i> which generally refer to purely web-based learning. In cases where mobile technologies are used, the term <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="M-learning">M-learning</a> has become more common. E-learning, however, also has implications beyond just the technology and refers to the actual learning that takes place using these systems.</div>
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In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Higher education">higher education</a> especially, the increasing tendency is to create a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_learning_environment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Virtual learning environment">virtual learning environment</a> (VLE) (which is sometimes combined with a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Information_System" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Management Information System">Management Information System (MIS)</a> to create a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_Learning_Environment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Managed Learning Environment">Managed Learning Environment</a>) in which all aspects of a course are handled through a consistent user interface standard throughout the institution. A growing number of physical universities, as well as newer online-only colleges, have begun to offer a select set of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Academic degree">academic degree</a> and certificate programs via the Internet at a wide range of levels and in a wide range of disciplines. While some programs require students to attend some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Campus">campus</a>classes or orientations, many are delivered completely online. In addition, several universities offer online student support services, such as online advising and registration, e-counseling, online textbook purchases, student governments and student newspapers.</div>
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E-learning can also refer to educational websites such as those offering learning scenarios, worksheets and interactive exercises for children. The term is also used extensively in the business sector where it generally refers to cost-effective online training.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Virtual_classroom">Virtual classroom</span></h3>
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Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Learning_Environment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Virtual Learning Environment">Virtual Learning Environment</a></div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Learning_Environment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Virtual Learning Environment">Virtual Learning Environments</a> (VLE), also known as learning platforms, utilize virtual classrooms and meetings which often use a mix of communication technologies. One example of web conferencing software that enables students and instructors to communicate with each other via webcam, microphone, and real-time chatting in a group setting, are GoToTraining, WebEx Training or Adobe Connect, which are sometimes used for meetings and presentations. Participants in a virtual classroom can raise hands, answer polls or take tests. Students are able to 'write on the board' and even share their desktop, when given rights by the teacher. Other communication technologies available in a virtual classroom include text notes, microphone rights and mouse control.</div>
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The virtual classroom also provides the opportunity for students to receive direct instruction from a qualified teacher in an interactive environment. Students have direct and immediate access to their instructor for instant feedback and direction. The virtual classroom also provides a structured schedule of classes, which can be helpful for students who may find the freedom of asynchronous learning to be overwhelming. In addition, the virtual classroom provides a social learning environment that replicates the traditional "brick and mortar" classroom. Most virtual classroom applications provide a recording feature. Each class is recorded and stored on a server, which allows for instant playback of any class over the course of the school year. This can be extremely useful for students to review material and concepts for an upcoming exam. This also provides students with the opportunity to watch any class that they may have missed, so that they do not fall behind. It also gives parents the ability to monitor any classroom to ensure that they are satisfied with the education their child is receiving.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Learning_management_system">Learning management system</span></h4>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Learning management system">Learning management system</a></div>
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A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Learning management system">learning management system</a> (LMS) is software used for delivering, tracking and managing training and education; for example, tracking attendance, time on task, and student progress. Educators can post announcements, grade assignments, check on course activity, and participate in class discussions. Students can submit their work, read and respond to discussion questions, and take quizzes. An LMS may allow teachers, administrators, students, and permitted additional parties (such as parents if appropriate) to track various metrics. LMSs range from systems for managing training/educational records to software for distributing courses over the Internet and offering features for online collaboration. The creation and maintenance of comprehensive learning content requires substantial initial and ongoing investments of human labor. Effective translation into other languages and cultural contexts requires even more investment by knowledgeable personnel.</div>
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Internet-based <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_systems" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Learning management systems">learning management systems</a> include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_Inc." style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blackboard Inc.">Blackboard Inc.</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edvelop&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Edvelop (page does not exist)">Edvelop</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moodle">Moodle</a>. These types of LMS allow educators to run a learning system partially or fully online, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asynchronous">asynchronously</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synchronous">synchronously</a>. Blackboard can be used for K-12 education, Higher Education, Business, and Government collaboration. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moodle">Moodle</a> is a free-to-download Open Source Course Management System that provides blended learning opportunities as well as platforms for<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a> courses. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliademy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eliademy">Eliademy</a> is a free cloud based Course Management System that provides blended learning opportunities as well as platforms for<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_learning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a> courses.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Learning_content_management_system">Learning content management system</span></h5>
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A <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_content_management_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Learning content management system">learning content management system</a> (LCMS) is software for author content (courses, reusable content objects). An LCMS may be solely dedicated to producing and publishing content that is hosted on an LMS, or it can host the content itself. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Computer-Based_Training_Committee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aviation Industry Computer-Based Training Committee">Aviation Industry Computer-Based Training Committee</a> (AICC) specification provides support for content that is hosted separately from the LMS.</div>
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A recent trend in LCMSs is to address this issue through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourcing</a> (cf.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SlideWiki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="SlideWiki">SlideWiki</a>).</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Computer-aided_assessment">Computer-aided assessment</span></h5>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_aided_assessment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer aided assessment">Computer-aided assessment</a> (also but less commonly referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-assessment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="E-assessment">e-assessment</a>), ranging from automated multiple-choice tests to more sophisticated systems is becoming increasingly common. With some systems, feedback can be geared towards a student's specific mistakes or the computer can navigate the student through a series of questions adapting to what the student appears to have learned or not learned.</div>
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The best examples follow a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formative_assessment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Formative assessment">formative assessment</a> structure and are called "Online Formative Assessment". This involves making an initial formative assessment by sifting out the incorrect answers. The author of the assessment/teacher will then explain what the pupil should have done with each question. It will then give the pupil at least one practice at each slight variation of sifted out questions. This is the formative learning stage. The next stage is to make a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summative_assessment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Summative assessment">summative assessment</a> by a new set of questions only covering the topics previously taught.</div>
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Learning design is the type of activity enabled by software that supports sequences of activities that can be both adaptive and collaborative. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMS_Learning_Design" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="IMS Learning Design">IMS Learning Design</a> specification is intended as a standard format for learning designs, and IMS LD Level A is supported in LAMS V2.elearning has been replacing the traditional settings due to its cost effectiveness.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Electronic_performance_support_systems_.28EPSS.29">Electronic performance support systems (EPSS)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-learning&action=edit&section=23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Electronic performance support systems (EPSS)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h4>
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An Electronic Performance Support System is, according to Barry Raybould, "a computer-based system that improves worker productivity by providing on-the-job access to integrated information, advice, and learning experiences" (Raybould, 1991). Gloria Gery defines it as "an integrated electronic environment that is available to and easily accessible by each employee and is structured to provide immediate, individualized on-line access to the full range of information, software, guidance, advice and assistance, data, images, tools, and assessment and monitoring systems to permit job performance with minimal support and intervention by others." (Gery, 1989).</div>
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Electronic performance support systems are used for:</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">task structuring support: help with how to do a task (procedures and processes),</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">access to knowledge bases (help user find information needed)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">alternate forms of knowledge representation (multiple representations of knowledge, e.g., video, audio, text, image, data)</li>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">Copyrighted by: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning</a></span></span><ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-25174358063154996322014-06-04T16:26:00.002+05:302014-06-04T16:26:44.720+05:30Didn't got the Web Designing Tutorials yet? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">I have given these tutorials earlier but I think a reminder will need for newbies. So here are they and I got some useful stuff just for you.</span><br />
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Every web designer has a secret or two. Hard-won workflows, hidden hacks, and insider knowledge that are the mark of true experience and the stuff that separates great <a href="http://www.creativebloq.com/css3/web-design-training-top-10-online-tools-812225" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">web design training</a>from good.</div>
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Here, we've managed to persuade some of the web's busiest devs and designers to part with their most closely guarded tricks and tips. It's quite a collection.</div>
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Packed with professional know-how, you'll discover secret features of well known tools, the beta services that the design industry is buzzing about and CSS tricks that make page design for multiple platforms easy. So whether you're a beginner at online design or a web veteran, you're bound to uncover one or two tips here that will change the way you work.</div>
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Faster coding</h3>
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01. CodeKit for browser reloading</h4>
<figure class="captioned-image" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27.428579330444336px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 535px;"><img alt=" CodeKit" src="http://media.creativebloq.futurecdn.net/sites/creativebloq.com/files/images/2012/08/codekit.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 535px;" /><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(227, 227, 227); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #111111; font-family: Oswald, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0.625em 0.75em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">CodeKit enables you to instantly see changes in your browser, without refreshing</figcaption></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
"If you're on a Mac then <a href="http://incident57.com/codekit/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">CodeKit</a> is a must," says Keir Whitaker, co-founder of <a href="http://www.viewportindustries.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Viewport Industries</a>. "The browser reloading feature is worth the small cost alone. The days of hard refreshing your browser to make changes take effect are long gone."</div>
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02. Apply global changes</h4>
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Here's a coding tip from musician, producer and web dev <a href="http://www.mrtunes.ca/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Elliott Fienberg</a> that can help speed things up at the early stages of your design work. Use the wildcard CSS rule - using an asterisk as the selector - and you can globally apply changes to an entire page. For example, to change all the fonts on a page to sans-serif, you just need:<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> *{font-family:arial, helvetica, sans-serif;}</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
This is a great designer's trick to have in your pocket while you're going through the design process. Of course, it's not such a great idea to leave it in your live code, so use this trick carefully and sparingly!</div>
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03. Set garish outlines</h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
File this in the "simple acts of genius" folder - a tip from Christopher Murphy of <a href="http://www.webstandardistas.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Web Standardistas</a> that makes cross-platform design so much easier. "When working with media queries, set an outline in a garish colour," says Murphy. "For example:<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> {outline:10px solid green/red/yellow/blue;}</strong>. This enables you to instantly see which exact rules are being applied to what you're currently looking at."</div>
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04. Check your character count</h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
"45-75 characters per line is generally accepted as safe for comfortable reading," says Trent Walton, founder and designer with <a href="http://paravelinc.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Paravel</a>. "There's a quick trick to ensure your responsive or fluid design supports this. Place a line of dummy text on your page with an asterisk at character 45 and an asterisk at character 75. Now test the site to make sure it resizes within these parameters."</div>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Oswald, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28.8px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
05. Use FitVids for video embedding</h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
HTML5 has simplified video embedding, but designers still have two problems. The first is getting video to resize responsively, the second is to ensure resizing degrades gracefully for Flash when HTML5 embedding isn't supported. Enter <a href="http://www.fitvidsjs.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">FitVids</a>, a jQuery plugin that takes care of all that for you.</div>
<h3 class="crosshead" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Oswald, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28.6px; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 45.7599983215332px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
Dealing with images</h3>
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06. Smushit for image size reduction</h4>
<figure class="captioned-image" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27.428579330444336px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 535px;"><img alt=" Smushit" src="http://media.creativebloq.futurecdn.net/sites/creativebloq.com/files/images/2012/08/imageoptim.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 535px;" /><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(227, 227, 227); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #111111; font-family: Oswald, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0.625em 0.75em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Smushit uses optimisation techniques to remove unnecessary bytes from image files</figcaption></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Sites with highly optimised images load faster and work better on more devices. "<a href="http://www.smushit.com/ysmush.it" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">SmushIt</a> is a great option to reduce image file sizes," says web developer and Microsoft evangelist <a href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/thebeebs/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Martin Beeby</a>, and we agree. You may also want to give Trent Walton's fave <a href="http://www.imageoptim.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">ImageOptim</a> a try.</div>
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07. Export images as 8bit PNG</h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Martin Beeby makes an old-school suggestion for handling PNG image files. "If you're exporting an image from Photoshop to PNG, and it doesn't need to be transparent, try exporting it as an 8bit PNG," he explains. "In most cases the image quality won't be affected but you will massively reduce the file size."</div>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Oswald, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28.8px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
08. PNGQuant for image conversion</h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If you want to maintain transparency and minimise file size, there's a service that can help. <a href="http://www.pngquant.org/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">PNGQuant</a> can convert 24/32bit PNGs to 8bit PNGS and still maintain transparency. There's fancy for you.</div>
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Layouts</h3>
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09. Use GuideGuide</h4>
<figure class="captioned-image" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27.428579330444336px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 535px;"><img alt=" GuideGuide" src="http://media.creativebloq.futurecdn.net/sites/creativebloq.com/files/images/2012/08/guide.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 535px;" /><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(227, 227, 227); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #111111; font-family: Oswald, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0.625em 0.75em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">GuideGuide is a columns, rows, and midpoints panel for Photoshop</figcaption></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
"The best websites are designed to a grid," says Rhys Little, director of digital marketing agency <a href="http://www.plugandplaydesign.co.uk/southampton" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Plug and Play</a>. Setting up grids everytime in Photoshop can be tedious, though. He recommends <a href="http://guideguide.me/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Guide Guide</a>: "It makes the process a breeze and save you a lot of time creating custom grids."</div>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Oswald, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28.8px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
10. Use a 12-column grid</h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Another tip from Rhys Little: "Typically it is a good idea to use a grid with columns nicely divisible by 2, 3 and 4. Therefore, a 12 column grid is one of the most popular and versatile grids to use." Check out <a href="http://960.gs/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">960grid</a> for more web design-friendly grid templates for a host of apps.</div>
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11. Find colour inspiration</h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
We’re already fans of Adobe Kuler; Martin Beeby has uncovered a use we hadn't thought of: "I'm colour blind and so when I'm putting colour palettes together for a project I always reach for Kuler," he explains. He also recommends <a href="http://www.colourlovers.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Colour Lovers</a> - a creative community where members share colour schemes, designs and ideas.</div>
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Web typography</h3>
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12. Typecast for typographic palettes</h4>
<figure class="captioned-image" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27.428579330444336px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" src="http://media.creativebloq.futurecdn.net/sites/creativebloq.com/files/images/2014/01/typecast.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(227, 227, 227); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #111111; font-family: Oswald, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0.625em 0.75em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Typecast helps you build up a typographic palette quickly</figcaption></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://beta.typecastapp.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Typecast</a>, an app produced by the talented team at Belfast-based design agency <a href="http://www.designbyfront.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Front</a>, makes designing typographically rich sites a breeze. "It enables you to rapidly build and compare typographic palettes," enthuses Christopher Murphy.</div>
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13. Use Typecast with Google Fonts</h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Monotype recently teamed up with Google to release a new, <a href="http://typecast.com/fonts/google" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">free public version of Typecast</a> which can be accessed through<a href="http://www.google.com/fonts" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Google Fonts</a>. It enables you to select any font on the Google Fonts website and then follow the link to the Typecast app.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
From there, you can work with that font on text of any length and use a wide range of type controls to build clear, readable type systems through adjustments such as font size, weight and line spacing. Your work can be exported as production-ready HTML and CSS, or PNG files, to share with others or merge with comps.</div>
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14. Font Squirrel for free web fonts</h4>
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Free web fonts have really come of age. With <a href="http://www.fontsquirrel.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Font Squirrel</a>,<a href="http://www.google.com/webfonts" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Google Web Fonts</a> and the @font-face attribute of CSS3, there's no need to put up with the typography troubles the last generation of web designers struggled so much with. Here's our round up of some of the best <a href="http://www.creativebloq.com/typography/free-web-fonts-1131610" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">free web fonts</a> around.</div>
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Plan the perfect site</h3>
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15 Use Dropbox for version control</h4>
<figure class="captioned-image" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27.428579330444336px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 535px;"><img alt=" Dropbox Pro" src="http://media.creativebloq.futurecdn.net/sites/creativebloq.com/files/images/2012/08/dropbox.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 535px;" /><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(227, 227, 227); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #111111; font-family: Oswald, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0.625em 0.75em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Dropbox Pro can be used as a simple versioning system</figcaption></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Keir Whitaker suggests using <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/pricing" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Dropbox Pro</a> as a simple versioning system. As well as having 100GB of storage, you'll get versioning of your files for 30 days rolling. "More than enough to help you out with those 'accidental' deletes," says Whitaker.</div>
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16. Slow down</h4>
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Visual creatives have a habit of whipping out their sketchbook first. Aidan Martin, senior designer at <a href="http://www.alienationdigital.co.uk/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Alienation Digital</a>, says we all need to slow down. "Don't start with a design: take a scenario-based approach," says Aidan. "Firmly establish the user's goals, map out their journey and then build the design around this."</div>
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17. Put your site on a Post-it</h4>
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Does your design idea fit on a Post-it note, asks Elliott Fienberg? "One exercise I like to do is to write down your core content on a small piece of paper like a Post-it note," he says. "This will help you figure out what is really important and what can be omitted. The small piece of paper simulates the attention span of most users these days."</div>
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18. Plan your user flow</h4>
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Want to know what to do with the rest of those Post-its? "You can expand this exercise by planning out your user flow on a series of Post-it notes," adds Elliott Fienberg. "I guarantee your project will be far more focused." Other sticky notes are available, of course, including virtual <a href="http://www.sticky-notes.net/windows-sticky-notes-free.html" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Sticky Notes on Windows</a>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickies_(software)" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Stickies on OS X</a>.</div>
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Photoshop workflow</h3>
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19. Name your layers wisely</h4>
<figure class="captioned-image" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27.428579330444336px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 535px;"><img alt=" Photoshop layers" src="http://media.creativebloq.futurecdn.net/sites/creativebloq.com/files/images/2012/08/organise.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 535px;" /><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(227, 227, 227); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #111111; font-family: Oswald, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0.625em 0.75em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Be as descriptive as possible when naming your Photoshop layers</figcaption></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Rhys Little offers a clutch of tips on sharing <a href="http://www.creativebloq.com/photo-editing/photoshop-tips-and-fixes-612316" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Photoshop</a> layouts within your team. His first suggestion: "Be as descriptive as possible when you name your Photoshop layers. It takes a second when creating a new layer to give it a simple name that others will be able to understand. This will save hours of forensic work later on."</div>
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20. Bin spare layers</h4>
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Throw away any extra layers in Photoshop designs, adds Rhys Little. "If you like to save those extra layers 'just in case' then just archive a version with the layers you want to save," he says. Your main file will only contain the layers developers and other designers need access to, minimising confusion.</div>
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21. Label your folders</h4>
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"Make sure you create an ASSETS Folder containing all fonts, images, logos, etc used in your project," continues Rhys Little. "And ensure that those individual folders are labelled accordingly."</div>
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22. Keep names consistent</h4>
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Rhys Little also suggests that you maintain a consistent naming scheme, where the current site design file is always has the same name, rather than incrementally naming files. Older files should then be banished to an archive folder. For example:<br /><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ARCHIVE<br />WEBSITE.PSD</strong></div>
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23. Save everything to server</h4>
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"Remember to save your work to the server," adds Rhys Little. Even when you're taking an afternoon to tweak a file; "if you are sharing files, you need to ensure that your most recent work is readily available even if you are not."</div>
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Keep clients happy</h3>
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24. Use Pinterest for moodboards</h4>
<figure class="captioned-image" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27.428579330444336px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 535px;"><img alt=" Pinterest" src="http://media.creativebloq.futurecdn.net/sites/creativebloq.com/files/images/2012/08/pinterest.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 535px;" /><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(227, 227, 227); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #111111; font-family: Oswald, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0.625em 0.75em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Pinterest is a great way to get started collaborating on moodboards with your client</figcaption></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
While we’re talking about keeping clients on your side, we all know that clients love <a href="http://www.creativebloq.com/graphic-design/mood-boards-812470" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">moodboards</a>. They’re a great way to collect elements together quickly and clue your client in - or even get them involved in the initial design process. The easiest way to get started? Create a shared board on <a href="http://www.creativebloq.com/inspiration/pinterest-boards-designers-812533" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Pinterest</a> and invite your client to pin away.</div>
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25. Involve clients from the start</h4>
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"Get the client involved as early as possible and throughout the design process," says Aidan Martin. "Always remember that they know their business best and only by combining this knowledge with your own will you be able to develop a truly successful digital solution."</div>
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26. Focus on prototyping</h4>
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Use prototyping tools to get early versions of your designs in front of clients as soon as possible. This could be as simple as a Fireworks prototype or as complex as a functioning wireframe made in <a href="http://www.balsamiq.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Balsamiq</a>. "Get those signed off before jumping in with Photoshop and it will make your job a lot easier," urges freelance web designer <a href="http://www.gavinelliott.co.uk/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Gavin Elliott</a>.</div>
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Boost your career</h3>
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27. Ask for help</h4>
<figure class="captioned-image" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27.428579330444336px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 535px;"><img alt=" Trello" src="http://media.creativebloq.futurecdn.net/sites/creativebloq.com/files/images/2012/08/trello.jpg" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 535px;" /><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(227, 227, 227); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #111111; font-family: Oswald, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0.625em 0.75em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Use a free collaboration tool such as Trello to ask for help when you get stuck</figcaption></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 30.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If a job calls for an advanced skill you don't yet have, don't be afraid to ask for help. With free collaboration tools like <a href="http://www.trello.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Trello</a>and <a href="http://www.teambox.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Redbooth</a> you don't even need to be in the same country!</div>
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28. Work on your portfolio during downtime</h4>
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"Don't wait for other people to ask you to try something new or to challenge you," says Ben Howdle, developer at <a href="http://www.wapple.net/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Wapple.net</a>. "In the downtime between jobs, when you’ve finished pitching, you should always be creating new portfolio work. The more inventive, the better."</div>
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29. Say yes to new challenges</h4>
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Ben Howdle has another strategy for keeping the work flowing: say yes to work even if it's outside your comfort zone. "Taking on jobs that challenge you helps you to develop and expand your skills much more than any tutorial. And deadlines are a powerful motivator to learn on the job."</div>
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30. Get feedback from Dribbble</h4>
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Remember how helpful those crit sessions were at college? "Check places like <a href="http://www.creativebloq.com/graphic-design-tips/dribbble-designers-and-illustrators-you-should-be-following-1232886" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #ff5a14; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Dribbble</a> for inspiration," urges Ben Howdle. It's a social network for designers, where you can share work in progress and get comments from your peers. Sometimes it takes another designer to tell you where you're going wrong - or right.</div>
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Get the Web designing tutorials here:....................</div>
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<span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Tables :</span><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://adf.ly/Tjv32" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; color: #bb2e3a; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://adf.ly/Tjv32</a><o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Frames :</span><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://adf.ly/Tjvl0" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; color: #bb2e3a; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://adf.ly/Tjvl0</a><o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Forms :</span><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://adf.ly/Tjwmw" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; color: #bb2e3a; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://adf.ly/Tjwmw</a><o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Exercise Files :</span><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://adf.ly/TjyDJ" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; color: #bb2e3a; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://adf.ly/TjyDJ</a></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-7270702649693151382014-06-04T16:14:00.000+05:302014-06-04T16:14:11.081+05:30Certified Ethical Hacker<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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An ethical hacker is usually employed by an organization who trusts him or her to attempt to penetrate networks and/or computer systems, using the same methods as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hacker (computer security)">hacker</a>, for the purpose of finding and fixing computer security vulnerabilities. Unauthorized hacking (i.e., gaining access to computer systems without prior authorization from the owner) is a crime in most countries, but penetration testing done by request of the owner of the victim system(s) or network(s) is not.</div>
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A Certified Ethical Hacker has obtained a certification in how to look for the weaknesses and vulnerabilities in target systems and uses the same knowledge and tools as a hacker.</div>
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The code for the CEH exam is 312-50. The certification is in Version 8 as of late 2013.</div>
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The EC-Council offers another certification, known as Certified Network Defense Architect (C|NDA). This certification is designed for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Government">United States Government</a>Agencies, and is available only to members of selected agencies. Other than the name, the content of the course is exactly the same. The exam code for C|NDA is 312-99.</div>
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An ethical hacker is usually employed by an organization who trusts him or her to attempt to penetrate networks and/or computer systems, using the same methods as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hacker (computer security)">hacker</a>, for the purpose of finding and fixing computer security vulnerabilities. Unauthorized hacking (i.e., gaining access to computer systems without prior authorization from the owner) is a crime in most countries, but penetration testing done by request of the owner of the victim system(s) or network(s) is not.</div>
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A Certified Ethical Hacker has obtained a certification in how to look for the weaknesses and vulnerabilities in target systems and uses the same knowledge and tools as a hacker.</div>
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The code for the CEH exam is 312-50. The certification is in Version 8 as of late 2013.</div>
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The EC-Council offers another certification, known as Certified Network Defense Architect (C|NDA). This certification is designed for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Government">United States Government</a>Agencies, and is available only to members of selected agencies. Other than the name, the content of the course is exactly the same. The exam code for C|NDA is 312-99.</div>
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EC-Council Continuing Education (ECE) points serve to ensure that all certified professionals maintain and further their knowledge. Professionals must meet ECE requirements to avoid revocation of certification. Members holding the C|EH/C|NDA designation (as well as other EC-Council certifications) must recertify under this program every three years for a minimum of 120 credits.</div>
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Certain computer security professionals have objected to the term ethical hacker: "There's no such thing as an 'ethical hacker' - that's like saying 'ethical rapist' - it's a contradiction in terms."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Ethical_Hacker#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> Part of the controversy may arise from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(hobbyist)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hacker (hobbyist)">older</a>, less stigmatized, definition of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hacker (computer security)">hacker</a>, which has since become synonymous with computer criminal.</div>
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On the other hand, some companies do not seem to mind the association. According to EC-Council, there has been an increase of careers where C|EH and other ethical hacking certifications are preferred or required. Even the US government accepts this association and requires C|EH accreditation for some jobs per DoD 8570.01-M guidelines.</div>
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Copyrighted by :- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Ethical_Hacker">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Ethical_Hacker</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-86380014401170633172014-05-25T11:58:00.000+05:302014-05-25T11:58:40.862+05:30Projection keyboard<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVSn6hgjP5PFooBtikS72o9tLI9xRTEpC6XevUOyQpf2CnGdaF-VXrRvOAMsVyvMK9IXkjawPJsfw8SC9ywNcYOHbtwzD_Wa3Trwmv-okk3233NJN4kewyVn-xP8l0tNRBKQKvDe6dC8Am/s1600/1327656911_192961697_1-Pictures-of--Virtual-Laser-keyboard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVSn6hgjP5PFooBtikS72o9tLI9xRTEpC6XevUOyQpf2CnGdaF-VXrRvOAMsVyvMK9IXkjawPJsfw8SC9ywNcYOHbtwzD_Wa3Trwmv-okk3233NJN4kewyVn-xP8l0tNRBKQKvDe6dC8Am/s1600/1327656911_192961697_1-Pictures-of--Virtual-Laser-keyboard.jpg" height="165" width="200" /></a></div>
A projection keyboard is a form of computer input device whereby the image of a virtual keyboard is projected onto a surface: when a user touches the surface covered by an image of a key, the device records the corresponding keystroke.<br />
An optical virtual keyboard was invented and patented by IBM engineers in 1992. It optically detects and analyses human hand and finger motions and interprets them as operations on a physically non-existent input device like a surface with painted or projected keys. In that way it can emulate unlimited types of manually operated input devices (such as a mouse, keyboard, and other devices). Mechanical input units can be replaced by such virtual devices, potentially optimized for a specific application and for the user's physiology, maintaining speed, simplicity and unambiguity of manual data input.<br />
In 2002, start-up company Canesta developed a projection keyboard using their proprietary "electronic perception technology". The company subsequently licensed the technology to Celluon of Korea.<br />
A proposed system called the P-ISM combines the technology with a small video projector to create a portable computer the size of a fountain pen.<br />
A laser or beamer projects visible virtual keyboard onto level surface. A sensor or camera in the projector picks up finger movements Software converts the coordinates to identify actions or characters.<br />
Some devices project a second (invisible infrared) beam above the virtual keyboard. The user's finger makes a keystroke on the virtual keyboard. This breaks the infrared beam and reflects light back to the projector. The reflected beam passes through an infrared filter to the camera. The camera photographs the angle of incoming infrared light. The sensor chip determines where infrared beam was broken. Software determines the action or character to be generated.<br />
The projection is realized in four main steps and via three modules: projection module, sensor module and illumination module. The main devices and technologies used to project the image are a diffractive optical element, red laser diode, CMOS sensor chip and an infrared (IR) laser diode.<br />
Projection keyboards connect to the computer either through Bluetooth or USB.<br />
Bluetooth dongle technology enables the projection keyboard for point to multi-point connectivity with other Bluetooth devices, such as PCs, PDAs and mobile phone.<br />
How the Bluetooth projection keyboard connects to devices depends on the specific tablet, phone or computer.<br />
The connection between the USB keyboard and the device is made through a USB port, which is available on every computer and (via an adapter) other devices.<br />
Apart from simply being used to type, most laser keyboard systems can function as a virtual mouse or even as a virtual piano.<br />
Copyrighted by: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_keyboard">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_keyboard</a><br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-10267204289080123702014-04-29T09:42:00.001+05:302014-04-29T10:04:56.645+05:30Power Up without wires with the new Nokia Lumia <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Fed up with fiddling with connectors and wires when charging your phone? We’ve made it as easy as pie. Simply put your phone down on the plate. That’s all you have to do. A light indicator shows you when your phone is fully charged and ready to take away.<br />
NOW YOU SEE IT…<br />
… now you don’t. With minimalist design and vibrant colours to match your phone, it’s easy to forget the Nokia Wireless Charging Plate is there. Place your phone on the plate to charge and it matches so well that it virtually disappears. Chameleons, eat your hearts out.<br />
Now you can boost your Nokia Lumia’s battery without plugging it in. Nokia Lumia 920 has wireless charging built-in. And you can charge Nokia Lumia 820 wirelessly by adding on a wireless charging shell .<br />
Our energy-efficient wireless chargers come in all shapes, sizes and colours, so you can pick one to match your phone. Best of all, they’re all Qi-compatible, which means you can use any wireless charger you like. And your friends can share yours too. Watch the videos to see more.<br />
Place your phone on a charging plate and watch its battery go up. There’s no need to align it carefully – the charger will work as soon as it senses your Lumia on top.<br />
When you go to bed, your phone can too. Just rest it on its Fatboy pillow to start charging. They even come in bright colours to match your Lumia.<br />
With a wireless charging shell, you can charge your Nokia Lumia 820 using any of our wireless chargers. Pick a colour. Snap it on. And you’re good to go.<br />
Listen to the tunes you love with high-quality sound. And charge your Nokia Lumia wirelessly at the same time. The JBL PowerUp has NFC built-in, so one tap is all it takes to connect your phone.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-84035869181079698282014-04-13T11:09:00.001+05:302014-04-13T11:09:41.211+05:30The new Samsung Galaxy S5<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Samsung Galaxy S5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics, which serves as the immediate successor to 2013's Galaxy S4. Unveiled on February 24, 2014 at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain, it was released on April 11, 2014.<br />
As with the S4, the S5 is an evolution of the prior year's model, placing a particular emphasis on an improved build quality, dust and water resistance, a more refined user experience, new security features such as a fingerprint reader, and an updated camera.<br />
Hardware and design<br />
The design of the S5 evolves upon the design of the S4, with a rounded, polycarbonate chassis carrying a "modern glam" look, faux metal trim, and a removable rear cover. Unlike past models, the S5's rear cover uses a higher quality soft plastic, and is dimpled to improve grip. The S5 is IP67 certified for dust resistance, and for water resistance in up to 1 metre (3.3 ft) of water for up to 30 minutes; as such, the S5's Micro-USB 3.0 port now uses a removable cover. The S5 will be available in black, blue, gold, and white color finishes. The S5's screen is a 5.1-inch (130 mm) 1080p Super AMOLED panel, which is slightly larger than that of the S4, and allows for automatic brightness and gamut adjustments.<br />
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Below the screen are three buttons. The physical "Home" button in the centre contains a swipe-based fingerprint reader. The "Recent apps" and "Back" buttons are capacitive. In accordance with Android 4.0 human interface guidelines, the S5 no longer uses a "Menu" key like its predecessors, although its button layout is still reversed in comparison to other Android devices with the S5's button layout (such as the HTC One X and Galaxy Nexus, whose "Back" buttons are to the left of "Home").<br />
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The S5 includes a 16 megapixel rear-facing camera, which offers 4K video recording, phase detection autofocus (which can focus in around 0.3 seconds),[4] real-time HDR photos and video, and an image sensor with Samsung's "Isocell" technology, which isolates the individual pixels inside the sensor to improve its ability to capture light. Next to the camera's flash on the rear of the device is a heart rate sensor, which can be used as part of the S Health software.<br />
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The S5 is powered by a 2.5 GHz quad-core Snapdragon 801 system-on-chip with 2 GB of RAM. Although not mentioned during the keynote presentation, a variant with an octo-core Exynos 5422 system-on-chip will also be released in unspecified markets. Like the previous model, it uses two banks of four cores; four Cortex-A7 cores at 1.5 GHz, and four Cortex-A15 cores at 2.2 GHz. Depending on resource usage, the SoC can use the power-efficient A7 cores for lighter processing loads, and switch to the A15 cores for more demanding loads. Unlike previous iterations, however, the 5422 can run both sets of cores at the same time instead of only one at a time. For connectivity, it supports 802.11ac MIMO Wi-Fi and LTE.<br />
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The S5 contains a 2800 mAh battery; its software also contains an "Ultra Power Saving" mode to further extend battery life; when enabled, all non-essential processes are disabled, and the screen switches to only rendering in white on black. Samsung claims that with Ultra Power Saving on, an S5 with 10% charge remaining can last for an additional 24 hours in standby mode.<br />
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Software<br />
The S5 ships with Android 4.4.2 "KitKat" and Samsung's TouchWiz software. Unlike TouchWiz on the S4, the S5's TouchWiz has been given a more refined interface, although certain aspects of the changes were influenced by a recent patent licensing deal with Google, which requires that Samsung's TouchWiz interface follow the design of "stock" Android closer. The S5 adds the Galaxy Note 3's "My Magazine" feature to the leftmost page on the home screen, the Settings menu was updated with a new grid-based layout, a Kids' Mode was added, the "Download Booster" tool allows large downloads to be split across LTE and Wi-Fi to improve speed, while the S Health app was given expanded functionality, integrating with the new heart rate sensor on the device, along with the new Gear 2 smartwatch and Gear Fit activity tracker.<br />
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The S5 contains a number of new security features. The fingerprint scanner can be used to unlock the phone, while an SDK is available so third-party developers may offer fingerprint-oriented functionality in their apps; PayPal will integrate support for the fingerprint sensor to authenticate online purchases. The S5 also adds "Private Mode", which allows users to maintain hidden apps and file folders that cannot be accessed without additional authentication. The camera app was updated with a new "Shot & More" menu that allows users to make edits to photos after they are taken, and also adds a new selective focus mode. Samsung has rolled out a minor update on 10th April 2014, one day before the worldwide launch to improve the phone's stability.<br />
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Copyrighted by Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S5)</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com20tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-26872912723155078232013-08-20T16:46:00.000+05:302013-08-20T16:46:00.140+05:30A Price Tracker for Amazon and Flipkart, Built with Google Docs <ARTICLE id=post-28156 class="post-28156 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-internet tag-amazon tag-feature tag-flipkart tag-guide tag-shopping post clearfix ">05 Aug 2013 You can use Google Docs to keep track of prices of your favorite products listed on shopping sites like Amazon and Flipkart. Get email alerts when the prices go down or up. </P>couch mode print story </P><IMG class="size-full wp-image-28157" alt="Amazon Price Tracker" src="/amazon-price-tracker.jpg" width=800 height=531> Get daily price updates for your favorite products via email (see sample)</P><P>The prices of products listed on online shopping site like Amazon or Flipkart may vary every single day and here’s a simple Google Docs based solution to help you keep track of these price fluctuations via email. This helps because if Amazon is offering some big discount on a product that you were planning to buy, you would never miss that deal again.</P><P>All you have to do is add the URLs of products that you wish to track inside a Google Spreadsheet. The tool can track prices of all products listed on various Amazon websites (all Amazon.* country domains are supported) and Flipkart.com (if you are shopping in India).</P><P>Here’s how you can setup the price tracker inside your Google Docs:</P>Open the Google Sheet and enter one or more URLs of product pages from Amazon or Flipkart in column B. The sheet has some dummy data to get you started.From the Price Tracker</EM> menu, choose the Initialize</EM> menu and say “Accept” when asked for authorization. The script is open-source and no one else will have access to your data.From the Price Tracker</EM> menu, choose Start Tracking</EM> and your price tracker is now active. You may close the Google Sheet.<IMG class="size-full wp-image-28159" alt="Price Tracker - Google Sheet" src="/google-sheet.png" width=888 height=434> Add products to this Google Sheet to begin tracking their prices</P><P>You’ll get an email within a minute or two listing the current prices of the products that you have added in the Google Sheet. The sheet will then send you a daily digest (see sample email) of the product prices with visual hints on how the prices have changed since the last update.</P><P>Also, you can add new URLs or delete existing ones from the Google sheet and the background script will automatically pick the changes. And if you ever wish to stop receiving those email alerts, just choose the Stop Tracking</EM> option from the Price Tracker</EM> menu.</P><P>Internally, the Google Script uses Amazon’s Product Advertising API to fetch the latest prices of Amazon products while in the case of Flipkart, the prices are extracted from the Meta and Open Graph tags of their pages. The tool cannot track prices of Kindle ebooks since Amazon’s API doesn’t offer pricing information for Kindle titles via their API.</P>(function(){var uv=document.createElement('script');uv.type='text/javascript';uv.async=true;uv.src='//widget.uservoice.com/WgTPAq6J1u0Fg5nXLMPTA.js';var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(uv,s)})()Tech Blog » Internet » Amazon » Flipkart » A Price Tracker for Amazon and Flipkart, Built with Google Docs <br /><p><a href="http://www.labnol.org/internet/amazon-price-tracker/28156/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">View the original article here</a></p>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-76776573308208574172013-08-18T15:10:00.000+05:302013-08-18T15:10:00.022+05:30How to Copy the Command Output to Windows Clipboard <ARTICLE id=post-2506 class="post-2506 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-software tag-feature tag-dos tag-clipboard post clearfix ">08 Aug 2013 Learn how to copy output from the command-line prompt directly to your Windows clipboard using the clip command. </P>couch mode print story </P><P>Like it or not, the command prompt is still an indispensable part of your Windows computer because there are still a bunch of things that can only be done by writing commands.</P><P>For instance, if the computer isn’t connecting to the Internet, you will probably be interested in the output of the “ping” or the “tracert” command. If you need to print the contents of a directory in Windows, the command “dir” will come to your rescue.</P><IMG class="size-full wp-image-28174" alt="Copy Output to Clipboard" src="/copy-to-clipboard.gif" width=540 height=376> Copy command line output to Windows Clipboard</P><P>Now here’s a little trick. If you add the pipe* operator (|) to your command followed by the “clip” command, the output of your original command will get saved to the Windows clipboard and won’t print inside the Command Prompt window.</P><P>Here are some examples:</P>dir | clip</EM> Copy the content of a folder to the clipboard.tree | clip</EM> Display the recursive directory structure and save it to the clipboard.type error.log | clip</EM> Place the content of the file error.log to the clipboard.sort file.txt | clip</EM> Sort the file and save the sorted output to the clipbord.ipconfig /all | clip</EM> Get details of your network connection for sending to tech support.<P>The “clip” command may not be available on Windows XP but in that case, you can use the redirect operators, like > and >>, for saving the command output to a text file.</P><P>Alternatively, right-click anywhere inside the command window, select Mark from the contextual menu, use the mouse to highlight a block text and then press Enter to save it to the clipboard.</P>[*] The pipe operator (|) takes the output of one command and directs it into the input of another command which in our case is clip</EM>. (function(){var uv=document.createElement('script');uv.type='text/javascript';uv.async=true;uv.src='//widget.uservoice.com/WgTPAq6J1u0Fg5nXLMPTA.js';var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(uv,s)})()Tech Blog » Software » DOS » Windows Clipboard » How to Copy the Command Output to Windows Clipboard <br /><p><a href="http://www.labnol.org/software/copy-command-output-to-clipboard/2506/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">View the original article here</a></p>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-87034998772723029372013-08-16T05:18:00.000+05:302013-08-16T05:18:00.053+05:30How to activate Windows 7 on PC and Mac, and other queries <P>A month ago, I changed the hard drive on my Dell laptop using an image of my previous drive. All went very well until yesterday, when I started getting a message that my version of Windows is not genuine. I have tried re-activating with no success. I cannot even get Microsoft to verify my licence because their exe won't run. Also, Windows Updates no longer work.</EM></P><P><STRONG>Franco</STRONG></P><P>Dell and other PC manufacturers license the cheapest form of Windows, where it is integrated into the PC and can't be moved, though it can be upgraded. In these cases, Windows is pre-activated in the factory using an OEM SLP (Original Equipment Manufacturer System Locked Pre-installation) key. This key is usually locked to the BIOS chip on the motherboard, so it should automatically reactivate Windows even if you change the hard drive and other parts. Certainly, the built-in SLP key should work if you re-install Windows from Dell's recovery partition. If your created recovery media or backed up the hidden partition, you could try using those.</P><P>Your Dell should also have a second (different) Windows key, known as the COA SLP. This is the key on the Certificate of Authenticity (COA) sticker that should be on the back of your laptop, or possibly hidden inside the battery compartment. You should also be able to use the COA SLP key to activate Windows 7, but this will probably involve a phone call to Microsoft.</P><P>When online activation fails, you should be given the option to choose a phone number to go through an automated activation process. Follow the instructions on Microsoft's website: Activate Windows 7 on this computer. Only if that fails will you have to describe the problem to a human being.</P><P>Microsoft gives you 30 days to activate your copy of Windows 7, with increasingly frequent prompts, which is why it has become a real problem now. It seems it's being seen as a new installation. If so, there should be a link that says "Activate Windows Now" in System Properties. If not, you can go to Start and type slui.exe into the search box.</P><P>Note that you have not bought anything from Microsoft: you are a Dell customer. Microsoft has no way of knowing what Dell shipped or how it set up Windows on your PC. If the activation system fails, you will need to call Dell for support.</P><P>Also note that Windows Update should work in one respect: you should be able to download critical security patches, but not non-critical or optional updates. Unfortunately, it seems that Microsoft does not regard updates to its anti-virus product, Microsoft Security Essentials (MSE), as critical. If you continue to use it, add some regular scans with Malwarebytes Anti-Malware.</P><P>I am trying to install a copy of Windows 7 Pro OEM operating system software on a new Apple iMac running Parallels. The software installed OK, but later I got the message about it requiring Activation. When I typed in the Activation key, obtained from the software wrapper, I was informed that the product key could not be used to activate Windows on that computer, and the software is now referred to as being not genuine. I purchased it believing that it was.</EM></P><P><STRONG>Malcolm</STRONG></P><P>You are allowed to install Windows 7 Pro OEM in a virtual machine, as long as it is a genuine copy. See How to know you're buying genuine Windows for help with this.</P><P>OEM versions are sold at a reduced cost and have a number of limitations. The main ones are that (a) Windows is locked to a single motherboard and can't officially be transferred to another PC; and (b) you don't get any support from Microsoft. (You are the OEM system builder, so you</EM> have to provide the customer -- your good self -- with support.)</P><P>Windows 7 should prompt you to download Windows Genuine Advantage, if it hasn't already done so, and this should provide a way to activate the software. WGA checks that the key code isn't already in use, and I think creates some sort of hash value for the system on which it's running. (OEM versions often lock to the BIOS chip, but your Mac doesn't have one.) When online activation fails, you should be offered a Microsoft phone number to call. Activation over the phone is usually quick and painless. Further to the link mentioned above, there's an excellent, illustrated guide to the process: How To Activate Windows 7 by Phone Step-by-Step Guide.</P><P>Note: after my email reply, Malcolm talked to Microsoft Customer Support and says: "It was a genuine copy, so there was no problem."</P><P>The Guardian website login is no long working with an exceptionally helpful program, 1Password (you recommended it once). The problem sort of appeared gradually, but now it happens every time. I contacted AgileBits and a member of their support staff says: "Yes, there appears to be an issue with that floating login window. I cannot get it to work with 1Password. I also was unable to locate an alternative login page that didn't use the floating window. Sorry, but it looks like the Guardian's website is currently not 1Password compatible."</P><P>Is there a basic login page that I can bookmark to allow me to use it?</EM></P><P><STRONG>Ross</STRONG></P><P>If you need help with the Guardian website, it's much better to write to the Guardian's own help staff, who are now at userhelp@theguardian.com. They're quicker -- I usually only post one answer per week -- and they are much more familiar with potential problems than I am. They provided a quick answer to your question: you can use the log-in page at https://id.guardian.co.uk/signin</P><P>If you write to userhelp@theguardian.com, remember to include full information about your device. This should include the operating system version, the browser name and version, and the names and version numbers of any ad-blocking or similar software. Usually you can get this information by clicking on each program's About menu, or on Help and then About. You should also mention if the same problem happens when you use a different web browser.</P><P>Last month, EB asked for advice on "any privacy software that would most closely match Webroot's Window Washer -- now discontinued, sadly." I replied in How can I protect my PC's privacy, and my IP address? I've now had a nice email from Webroot's new UK PR agency (hence the delay) which says: "I just wanted to point out that Webroot has a solution similar to Windows Washer (but more capable) called SecureAnywhere. You can see a comparison here. SecureAnywhere is the same price as Window Washer was, but offers many more benefits."</P><P>I'm surprised EB didn't get emails offering an upgrade – or perhaps he missed them – and I've kicked myself, Google search, Wikipedia and a few others for not mentioning SecureAnywhere to someone looking for an alternative to Windows Washer.</P><P>SecureAnywhere replaces a number of Webroot programs, including Spy Sweeper, Antivirus with Spy Sweeper, and Internet Security Essentials. Unlike Window Washer, it "protects smartphones and tablets, PCs or Macs," can lock or wipe a stolen smartphone or tablet, and automatically backs up files online.</P><br /><p><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/askjack/2013/aug/09/windows-7-pc-mac-ask-jack" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">View the original article here</a></p>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com721tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-73481495498195486932013-08-13T19:26:00.001+05:302013-08-13T19:26:16.009+05:30How to Make your Mobile Screenshots Look Awesome Learn how to capture screenshots of your mobile phones and tablets and then make these captured images look more awesome and photorealistic. </P><P>It’s easy to capture screenshots on mobile devices but let’s do a quick recap. If you have an iPhone, press the Home & Sleep buttons and the screenshot image will be saved instantly. On an Android device, press the Volume Down & Power button simultaneously to capture whatever is currently on your screen. And in the case of Windows Phone 8, press and hold the Start and Power buttons at the same time to take a screenshot.</P><P>That’s a raw screenshot saved in your camera roll but you also need to add the hardware frame around your screenshots so that the captured images appear more realistic and provides better context to the viewer.</P><P>Why is that important? A 768 pixels wide screenshot of a mobile app in portrait mode could have been captured on an Android device or an old iPad – now wrap that same image inside the Google Nexus frame and everyone is saved from playing a guessing game.</P><P><IMG class="alignnone size-full wp-image-28171" alt="Mobile Screenshots in Photoshop" src="/photoshop-screenshots.jpg" width=800 height=497></P><P>A layered photo editing tool like Adobe Photoshop makes it really easy for you to add hardware device frames to any screenshot image. Go to Dribbble and search for “freebies PSD <mobile name></EM>” and you’ll find beautiful mockups for that mobile device.</P><P>Download and import the PSD file into Photoshop and then use the File -> Place command to place the screenshot image as a new layer over the mockup. Use the Save for Web option to export the screen capture in JPEG format.</P>[*] Dribbble users usually add the tag “freebies” or “free” to indicate that others can reuse their design(s) for personal and commercial use. Other than Dribbble, Deviant Art and Behance are also good places to discover high-quality mobile mockups. <P><IMG class="alignnone size-full wp-image-28169" alt="Photorealistic Mobile creenshots" src="/photorealistic-screenshots.jpg" width=800 height=514></P><P>If you aren’t well-versed in Photoshop, you can make use of a web app like PlaceIt that will automatically add device frames to your mobile screenshots.</P><P>The tool offers a collection of professional-quality photographs of mobile phones and tablets placed in realistic settings. You need to drag your screenshot image onto a photograph and it will automatically get placed in the screen area of the mobile device perfectly aligned with the hardware frame.</P><P>PlaceIt can handle screenshots of your iPhone, iPad, Nokia Lumia, Macbook, Microsoft Surface, iMac, Amazon Kindle, Samsung Galaxy and Google Nexus phones.</P><P>Also see: Screen Capture Full Web Pages on your Mobile</P><P><IMG class="alignnone size-full wp-image-28170" alt="Android Device Screenshots" src="/android-screenshots.png" width=575 height=250></P><P>The Device Art Generator, available here and here, is provided by Google for anyone to quickly add device frames around screenshots of Android phones and tablets.</P><P>Drag the mobile screenshot image on to a device frame and it will quickly wrap that frame around your image. You also have the option to add screen glare and depth (for perspective) to the generated screenshots.</P><P>Device Art Generator includes templates for HTC One X, Samsung Galaxy S3, Galaxy Note, Galaxy Tab, Nexus 4, Nexus 7 and Google Nexus 10 devices.</P><P>MockuPhone is another useful web app for adding device frames to your mobile screenshots with a unique feature. You pick a device frame, upload the mobile screenshot image and the tool will generate multiple screenshot images of the same device but at different angles.</P><P>The tool produces very high-resolution screenshots and they offer device frames for the iPhone 5, iPad & iPad Mini, Google Nexus and Samsung Galaxy S4.</P><P><IMG class="alignnone size-full wp-image-28168" alt="Mobile Device Frames" src="/mobile-device-frames.png" width=800 height=531></P><P>You can also add realistic device frames to your mobile screenshots via email. Just send the raw screenshot image as an email attachment to smartphones@mailchimp.com and, within in a minute or two, they will send you the processed screenshot with the device frame. You can also send multiple screenshots in the same message.</P><P>The service will automatically detects the mobile device name and the image orientation (portrait or landscape) using the EXIF data in the image and adds the appropriate hardware frame. It supports iPhone, iPad, Galaxy Tab, Nexus and a bunch of mobile device – send an email with the subject “help” to the same address for a complete list.</P><br /><p><a href="http://www.labnol.org/internet/take-mobile-screenshots/28167/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">View the original article here</a></p>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-13545160184252485122013-08-10T12:54:00.001+05:302013-08-10T13:01:09.564+05:30Web Designing Video Tutorials Free Download.<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN"> HTML is Hyper Text Markup Language. This is a web designing language. There
are some codes and the designer have to write each code for do his purpose.
This is very useful language for us to archive our day-to-day needs. All the
webs and blogs on the internet are
support this language so we can easily do our things. There are some webs and
blogs to learn HTML but they maybe not good at all. You can learn more about
HTML from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Html">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Html</a>. So here are HTML, xHTML, CSS, and any more
lessons regarding Web designing. I thought they will be useful to you. You can
easily made a good webpage by referring these video tutorials. There are some
Exercise Files so you can refer them. I couldn't merge all these folders to one
folder because I was So busy. But If I did that. Maybe you will not be able to
download a file about 500MB easily. Otherwise you can choose what you want and
get only them. All you have to do is Click on each link, Skip the Ad, Download
the file, Extract the components, Watch them and enjoy them. I'll be back with
another useful stuff. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN">Introduction :</span><span lang="EN"> </span><a href="http://adf.ly/TjnQF">http://adf.ly/TjnQF</a><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN">Introducing xHTML and HTML :</span><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN"><a href="http://adf.ly/Tjp6J">http://adf.ly/Tjp6J</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN">Text Tags :</span><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN"><a href="http://adf.ly/TjsHh">http://adf.ly/TjsHh</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN">Image Tags :</span><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN"><a href="http://adf.ly/Tjr9n">http://adf.ly/Tjr9n</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN">Link Tags :</span><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN"><a href="http://adf.ly/TjtLK">http://adf.ly/TjtLK</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN">Tables :</span><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN"><a href="http://adf.ly/Tjv32">http://adf.ly/Tjv32</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN">Frames :</span><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN"><a href="http://adf.ly/Tjvl0">http://adf.ly/Tjvl0</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN">Forms :</span><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN"><a href="http://adf.ly/Tjwmw">http://adf.ly/Tjwmw</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN">CSS :</span><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN"><a href="http://adf.ly/Tjxt4">http://adf.ly/Tjxt4</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN">Exercise Files :</span><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN"><a href="http://adf.ly/TjyDJ">http://adf.ly/TjyDJ</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN">Note: You can follow this blog via your Google or Yahoo account. If you
want to follow this just check out the side bar and you can find the followers
gadget. Don't forget to like this blog's Fb Page: <a href="http://www.facebook.com/rasthiyadukarayas"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.facebook.com/rasthiyadukarayas</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-80930673613398062112013-08-10T11:19:00.000+05:302013-08-10T11:19:40.145+05:30Make your own Custom Search Engine<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -19.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 435.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN">Custom Search Engine is a search engine but it is
different than a normal Search Engine. The different is Normal search engines
like Google( <a href="file:///D:/www.google.com"><span style="color: blue;">www.google.com</span></a>),
Yahoo( <a href="file:///D:/www.yahoo.com"><span style="color: blue;">www.yahoo.com</span></a>),
Bing( <a href="file:///D:/www.bing.com"><span style="color: blue;">www.bing.com</span></a>)
are use their own servers for searches. But a Custom Search Engine is not like
that. It depends on the normal search engine. Most of normal Search Engines make
Custom Search Engines for their users like Google( <a href="http://www.google.com/cse"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.google.com/cse</span></a>) So making a Custom Search Engine is not an
difficult task yet it is not an easy task. There are several ways to make you
own CSE. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -19.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 435.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN">Use a hosting service and upload a CSE to that. This means you have to make
a web page of you CSE and you have to upload it to your custom domain. I
exactly don't know will this work on a sub domain like .blogspot or .wordpress.
But if you don't have a custom domain or you don't like to spend money, you can
use the second method.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -19.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 435.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN">In this method you can make a CSE via Google. Just go to <a href="http://www.google.com/cse"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.google.com/cse</span></a>
and click sign in. (Before this you have to make a Google account. If you own
one, no matter) Then you can add a CSE to your blog. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -19.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 435.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN">The second method is free but it ain't cool like
a real CSE. Because in first method, the CSE is your own one. You can change it
as whatever you want. But in the second method Google<sup>TM</sup> Inc.
controls the CSE. It's just a small bar that add to your site. You can check it
out on the top of this blog. So if you want a real fun, I recommend you to use
the first method. I made a HTML webpage for my CSE but you also can download
it. You just have to change it to whatever you wish via a text editor and
upload it to your custom domain. If you don't have a good text editor, get it
from here. That's enough for today. Let's meet another day with another good
stuff. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -19.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 435.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN"><a href="http://adf.ly/Tjm2T" target="_blank">Get the CSE</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN">Note: You can follow this blog via your Google or Yahoo account. If you
want to follow this just checkout the side bar and you can find the followers
gadget. Don't forget to like this blog's Fb Page: <a href="http://www.facebook.com/rasthiyadukarayas"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.facebook.com/rasthiyadukarayas</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com131tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-75683057514975785512013-08-07T14:51:00.000+05:302013-08-07T14:55:33.155+05:30Google Page Rank<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<b>PageRank</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_theory#Link_analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Network theory">link analysis</a> algorithm, named after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> and used by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google">Google</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web search engine">web search engine</a>, that assigns a numerical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Weighting">weighting</a> to each element of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinked</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Set (computer science)">set</a> of documents, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, with the purpose of "measuring" its relative importance within the set. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a>may be applied to any collection of entities with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_link" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Reciprocal link">reciprocal</a> quotations and references. The numerical weight that it assigns to any given element <i>E</i> is referred to as the <i>PageRank of E</i> and denoted by <img alt="PR(E)." class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/8/e/88e0d199f4ae4c09c2ff95eab49858e5.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> PageRank is not Google's only algorithm that determines rankings in search results, but merely one of many factors used to determine ranking websites in search results pages for any given query.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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The value of incoming links is colloquially referred to as "Google juice", "link juice" or "Pagerank juice".<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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A PageRank results from a mathematical algorithm based on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webgraph" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Webgraph">webgraph</a>, created by all World Wide Web pages as nodes and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> as edges, taking into consideration authority hubs such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnn.com" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cnn.com">cnn.com</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usa.gov" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Usa.gov">usa.gov</a>. The rank value indicates an importance of a particular page. A hyperlink to a page counts as a vote of support. The PageRank of a page is defined <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Recursion">recursively</a> and depends on the number and PageRank metric of all pages that link to it ("<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incoming_link" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Incoming link">incoming links</a>"). A page that is linked to by many pages with high PageRank receives a high rank itself. If there are no links to a web page, then there is no support for that page.</div>
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Numerous academic papers concerning PageRank have been published since Page and Brin's original paper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-originalpaper_3-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-originalpaper-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> In practice, the PageRank concept may be vulnerable to manipulation. Research has been conducted into identifying falsely influenced PageRank rankings. The goal is to find an effective means of ignoring links from documents with falsely influenced PageRank.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon unreliable original research. (October 2012)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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Other link-based ranking algorithms for Web pages include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HITS_algorithm" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HITS algorithm">HITS algorithm</a> invented by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Kleinberg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jon Kleinberg">Jon Kleinberg</a> (used by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teoma">Teoma</a> and now<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ask.com" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ask.com">Ask.com</a>)<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, the IBM <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLEVER_project" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CLEVER project">CLEVER project</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustRank" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="TrustRank">TrustRank</a> algorithm.</div>
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The idea of formulating a link analysis problem as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eigenvalue">eigenvalue</a> problem was probably first suggested in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1976">1976</a> by Gabriel Pinski and Francis Narin, who worked on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientometrics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scientometrics">scientometrics</a> ranking scientific journals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> PageRank was developed at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> in 1996<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> as part of a research project about a new kind of search engine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> Sergey Brin had the idea that information on the web could be ordered in a hierarchy by "link popularity": a page is ranked higher as there are more links to it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gpower_7-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-gpower-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> It was co-authored by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajeev_Motwani" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rajeev Motwani">Rajeev Motwani</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Winograd" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Terry Winograd">Terry Winograd</a>. The first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google search">Google search</a> engine, was published in 1998:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-originalpaper_3-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-originalpaper-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> shortly after, Page and Brin founded <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Inc." style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Inc.">Google Inc.</a>, the company behind the Google search engine. While just one of many factors that determine the ranking of Google search results, PageRank continues to provide the basis for all of Google's web search tools.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-googletechnology_8-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-googletechnology-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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The name "PageRank" plays off of the name of developer Larry Page, as well as the concept of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web page">web page</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> The word is a trademark of Google, and the PageRank process has been <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Software patent">patented</a> (<a class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/patents/US6285999" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">U.S. Patent 6,285,999</a>). However, the patent is assigned to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and not to Google. Google has exclusive license rights on the patent from Stanford University. The university received 1.8 million shares of Google in exchange for use of the patent; the shares were sold in 2005 for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States dollar">$</a>336 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup></div>
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PageRank has been influenced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citation analysis">citation analysis</a>, early developed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Garfield" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eugene Garfield">Eugene Garfield</a> in the 1950s at the University of Pennsylvania, and by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper_Search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hyper Search">Hyper Search</a>, developed by<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Marchiori" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Massimo Marchiori">Massimo Marchiori</a> at the University of Padua. In the same year PageRank was introduced (1998), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Kleinberg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jon Kleinberg">Jon Kleinberg</a> published his important work on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HITS_algorithm" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HITS algorithm">HITS</a>. Google's founders cite Garfield, Marchiori, and Kleinberg in their original paper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-originalpaper_3-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-originalpaper-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
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A small search engine called "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RankDex" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="RankDex">RankDex</a>" from IDD Information Services designed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Li" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robin Li">Robin Li</a> was, since 1996, already exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> The technology in RankDex would be patented by 1999<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> and used later when Li founded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> in China.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> Li's work would be referenced by some of Larry Page's U.S. patents for his Google search methods.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></div>
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PageRank is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Probability distribution">probability distribution</a> used to represent the likelihood that a person randomly clicking on links will arrive at any particular page. PageRank can be calculated for collections of documents of any size. It is assumed in several research papers that the distribution is evenly divided among all documents in the collection at the beginning of the computational process. The PageRank computations require several passes, called "iterations", through the collection to adjust approximate PageRank values to more closely reflect the theoretical true value.</div>
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A probability is expressed as a numeric value between 0 and 1. A 0.5 probability is commonly expressed as a "50% chance" of something happening. Hence, a PageRank of 0.5 means there is a 50% chance that a person clicking on a random link will be directed to the document with the 0.5 PageRank.</div>
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Assume a small universe of four web pages: <b>A</b>, <b>B</b>, <b>C</b> and <b>D</b>. Links from a page to itself, or multiple outbound links from one single page to another single page, are ignored. PageRank is initialized to the same value for all pages. In the original form of PageRank, the sum of PageRank over all pages was the total number of pages on the web at that time, so each page in this example would have an initial PageRank of 1. However, later versions of PageRank, and the remainder of this section, assume a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Probability distribution">probability distribution</a>between 0 and 1. Hence the initial value for each page is 0.25.</div>
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The PageRank transferred from a given page to the targets of its outbound links upon the next iteration is divided equally among all outbound links.</div>
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If the only links in the system were from pages <b>B</b>, <b>C</b>, and <b>D</b> to <b>A</b>, each link would transfer 0.25 PageRank to <b>A</b> upon the next iteration, for a total of 0.75.</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="PR(A)= PR(B) + PR(C) + PR(D).\," class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/2/d/32d474c0957cfa862e9fb93723a6254a.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></dd></dl>
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Suppose instead that page <b>B</b> had a link to pages <b>C</b> and <b>A</b>, page <b>C</b> had a link to page <b>A</b>, and page <b>D</b> had links to all three pages. Thus, upon the next iteration, page <b>B</b> would transfer half of its existing value, or 0.125, to page <b>A</b> and the other half, or 0.125, to page <b>C</b>. Page <b>C</b> would transfer all of its existing value, 0.25, to the only page it links to, <b>A</b>. Since<b>D</b> had three outbound links, it would transfer one third of its existing value, or approximately 0.083, to <b>A</b>. At the completion of this iteration, page <b>A</b> will have a PageRank of 0.458.</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="PR(A)= \frac{PR(B)}{2}+ \frac{PR(C)}{1}+ \frac{PR(D)}{3}.\," class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/1/2/012e0ce7d92e50f7bbdd8675166987a0.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></dd></dl>
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In other words, the PageRank conferred by an outbound link is equal to the document's own PageRank score divided by the number of outbound links <b>L( )</b>.</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="PR(A)= \frac{PR(B)}{L(B)}+ \frac{PR(C)}{L(C)}+ \frac{PR(D)}{L(D)}. \," class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/8/4/f84534849f09191b1e145152404ceb6e.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></dd></dl>
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In the general case, the PageRank value for any page <b>u</b> can be expressed as:</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="PR(u) = \sum_{v \in B_u} \frac{PR(v)}{L(v)}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/a/c/4/ac48cfa215bf51c9cab4b92df790674b.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />,</dd></dl>
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i.e. the PageRank value for a page <b>u</b> is dependent on the PageRank values for each page <b>v</b> contained in the set <b>B<sub style="line-height: 1em;">u</sub></b> (the set containing all pages linking to page <b>u</b>), divided by the number <i>L</i>(<i>v</i>) of links from page <b>v</b>.</div>
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The PageRank theory holds that an imaginary surfer who is randomly clicking on links will eventually stop clicking. The probability, at any step, that the person will continue is a damping factor <i>d</i>. Various studies have tested different damping factors, but it is generally assumed that the damping factor will be set around 0.85.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-originalpaper_3-3" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-originalpaper-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
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The damping factor is subtracted from 1 (and in some variations of the algorithm, the result is divided by the number of documents (<i>N</i>) in the collection) and this term is then added to the product of the damping factor and the sum of the incoming PageRank scores. That is,</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="PR(A) = {1 - d \over N} + d \left( \frac{PR(B)}{L(B)}+ \frac{PR(C)}{L(C)}+ \frac{PR(D)}{L(D)}+\,\cdots \right)." class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/5/c/9/5c9a6cc4c1381791153f64891d34b00e.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></dd></dl>
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So any page's PageRank is derived in large part from the PageRanks of other pages. The damping factor adjusts the derived value downward. The original paper, however, gave the following formula, which has led to some confusion:</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="PR(A)= 1 - d + d \left( \frac{PR(B)}{L(B)}+ \frac{PR(C)}{L(C)}+ \frac{PR(D)}{L(D)}+\,\cdots \right)." class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/6/5/a/65ab9cff3720137c5a1d53990c9b977e.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></dd></dl>
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The difference between them is that the PageRank values in the first formula sum to one, while in the second formula each PageRank is multiplied by <i>N</i> and the sum becomes <i>N</i>. A statement in Page and Brin's paper that "the sum of all PageRanks is one"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-originalpaper_3-4" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-originalpaper-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> and claims by other Google employees<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> support the first variant of the formula above.</div>
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Page and Brin confused the two formulas in their most popular paper "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine", where they mistakenly claimed that the latter formula formed a probability distribution over web pages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-originalpaper_3-5" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-originalpaper-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
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Google recalculates PageRank scores each time it crawls the Web and rebuilds its index. As Google increases the number of documents in its collection, the initial approximation of PageRank decreases for all documents.</div>
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The formula uses a model of a <i>random surfer</i> who gets bored after several clicks and switches to a random page. The PageRank value of a page reflects the chance that the random surfer will land on that page by clicking on a link. It can be understood as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Markov chain">Markov chain</a> in which the states are pages, and the transitions, which are all equally probable, are the links between pages.</div>
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If a page has no links to other pages, it becomes a sink and therefore terminates the random surfing process. If the random surfer arrives at a sink page, it picks another <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a> at random and continues surfing again.</div>
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When calculating PageRank, pages with no outbound links are assumed to link out to all other pages in the collection. Their PageRank scores are therefore divided evenly among all other pages. In other words, to be fair with pages that are not sinks, these random transitions are added to all nodes in the Web, with a residual probability usually set to <i>d</i> = 0.85, estimated from the frequency that an average surfer uses his or her browser's bookmark feature.</div>
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So, the equation is as follows:</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="PR(p_i) = \frac{1-d}{N} + d \sum_{p_j \in M(p_i)} \frac{PR (p_j)}{L(p_j)}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/0/1/80125f33d12ceb608fdb9daec09d9c10.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></dd></dl>
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where <img alt="p_1, p_2, ..., p_N" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/4/8/3485bceb55d7ff520d4b6ac08e1d7831.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> are the pages under consideration, <img alt="M(p_i)" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/2/f/f2ff282f7f9a2a44b664907fc89dd2aa.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is the set of pages that link to <img alt="p_i" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/a/4/8a4bbd153c74655abb7ca04c0fa901d8.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />, <img alt="L(p_j)" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/b/f/0bfc31dc06acb868fa9d2ecad85689c3.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is the number of outbound links on page <img alt="p_j" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/2/9/0299430ed9ef9635331dcdcbe5ba1cba.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />, and <i>N</i> is the total number of pages.</div>
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The PageRank values are the entries of the dominant <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvector" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eigenvector">eigenvector</a> of the modified <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjacency_matrix" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adjacency matrix">adjacency matrix</a>. This makes PageRank a particularly elegant metric: the eigenvector is</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="
\mathbf{R} =
\begin{bmatrix}
PR(p_1) \\
PR(p_2) \\
\vdots \\
PR(p_N)
\end{bmatrix}
" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/3/b/83bef20457b3924d0a8a5bcd19fb5181.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></dd></dl>
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where <b>R</b> is the solution of the equation</div>
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\mathbf{R} =
\begin{bmatrix}
{(1-d)/ N} \\
{(1-d) / N} \\
\vdots \\
{(1-d) / N}
\end{bmatrix}
+ d
\begin{bmatrix}
\ell(p_1,p_1) & \ell(p_1,p_2) & \cdots & \ell(p_1,p_N) \\
\ell(p_2,p_1) & \ddots & & \vdots \\
\vdots & & \ell(p_i,p_j) & \\
\ell(p_N,p_1) & \cdots & & \ell(p_N,p_N)
\end{bmatrix}
\mathbf{R}
" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/a/0/e/a0e11cd17235ba8f80701fe365b9790f.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></dd></dl>
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where the adjacency function <img alt="\ell(p_i,p_j)" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/6/f/16fea48a55ae38596a244daacd999cb5.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is 0 if page <img alt="p_j" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/2/9/0299430ed9ef9635331dcdcbe5ba1cba.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> does not link to <img alt="p_i" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/a/4/8a4bbd153c74655abb7ca04c0fa901d8.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />, and normalized such that, for each <i>j</i></div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="\sum_{i = 1}^N \ell(p_i,p_j) = 1" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/5/9/3/5934d61059c133aef38a6815479b514e.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />,</dd></dl>
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i.e. the elements of each column sum up to 1, so the matrix is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_matrix" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stochastic matrix">stochastic matrix</a> (for more details see the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#Computation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">computation</a> section below). Thus this is a variant of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvector_centrality" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eigenvector centrality">eigenvector centrality</a> measure used commonly in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Network theory">network analysis</a>.</div>
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Because of the large eigengap of the modified adjacency matrix above,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> the values of the PageRank eigenvector can be approximated to within a high degree of accuracy within only a few iterations.</div>
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As a result of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_process" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Markov process">Markov theory</a>, it can be shown that the PageRank of a page is the probability of arriving at that page after a large number of clicks. This happens to equal <img alt="t^{-1}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/d/0/3d0c67453ee5b843154ad96c10ad7ecd.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> where <img alt="t" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/e/3/5/e358efa489f58062f10dd7316b65649e.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Expected value">expectation</a> of the number of clicks (or random jumps) required to get from the page back to itself.</div>
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One main disadvantage of PageRank is that it favors older pages. A new page, even a very good one, will not have many links unless it is part of an existing site (a site being a densely connected set of pages, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>).</div>
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Several strategies have been proposed to accelerate the computation of PageRank.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup></div>
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Various strategies to manipulate PageRank have been employed in concerted efforts to improve search results rankings and monetize advertising links. These strategies have severely impacted the reliability of the PageRank concept<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, which purports to determine which documents are actually highly valued by the Web community.</div>
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Since December 2007, when it started <i>actively</i> penalizing sites selling paid text links, Google has combatted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_farm" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Link farm">link farms</a> and other schemes designed to artificially inflate PageRank. How Google identifies link farms and other PageRank manipulation tools is among Google's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a>.</div>
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PageRank can be computed either iteratively or algebraically. The iterative method can be viewed as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_iteration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Power iteration">power iteration</a> method<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup> or the power method. The basic mathematical operations performed are identical.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Iterative">Iterative</span><span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select: none; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: -0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PageRank&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Iterative">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider" style="color: #555555;"> | </span><a class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank?veaction=edit&vesection=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Iterative">edit<span class="ve-tabmessage-appendix" style="background-image: none !important; display: inline !important; font-size: 0.7em; line-height: 1.43em; padding-left: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;">beta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em; margin-right: -0.25em;">]</span></span></h4>
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At <img alt="t=0" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/e/8/3e8f7b0adf6d7024b951f29a18225e4a.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />, an initial probability distribution is assumed, usually</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="PR(p_i; 0) = \frac{1}{N}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/f/0/3f0fa403db612f107d790656a2767521.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />.</dd></dl>
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At each time step, the computation, as detailed above, yields</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="PR(p_i;t+1) = \frac{1-d}{N} + d \sum_{p_j \in M(p_i)} \frac{PR (p_j; t)}{L(p_j)}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/a/9/2a9163d33fbc66c8bd74ebd7c64d0de3.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />,</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
or in matrix notation</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="\mathbf{R}(t+1) = d \mathcal{M}\mathbf{R}(t) + \frac{1-d}{N} \mathbf{1}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/2/4/824fe4f04e7c203b9a6ef4a8e342aa1e.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />, (*)</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
where <img alt="\mathbf{R}_i(t)=PR(p_i; t)" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/c/1/0c1b0076a8d67dd7dce3cd174367a57f.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> and <img alt="\mathbf{1}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/5/4/254896de66303e157c6149ad80d24a67.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is the column vector of length <img alt="N" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/d/9/8d9c307cb7f3c4a32822a51922d1ceaa.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> containing only ones.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
The matrix <img alt="\mathcal{M}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/8/5/285673cb69aa43ca8256c93315a1aa51.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is defined as</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="\mathcal{M}_{ij} = \begin{cases} 1 /L(p_j) , & \mbox{if }j\mbox{ links to }i\ \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise} \end{cases}
" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/1/3/813df2ebcd81b7219095e70e86692465.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
i.e.,</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="\mathcal{M} := (K^{-1} A)^T" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/7/0/c/70ce0b07cdb256c3ece3b946e255c503.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />,</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
where <img alt="A" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/7/f/c/7fc56270e7a70fa81a5935b72eacbe29.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> denotes the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjacency_matrix" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adjacency matrix">adjacency matrix</a> of the graph and <img alt="K" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/a/5/f/a5f3c6a11b03839d46af9fb43c97c188.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is the diagonal matrix with the outdegrees in the diagonal.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
The computation ends when for some small <img alt="\epsilon" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/c/5/0/c50b9e82e318d4c163e4b1b060f7daf5.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="|\mathbf{R}(t+1) - \mathbf{R}(t)| < \epsilon" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/5/9/f/59f740818a032e0754bd8ca3c57369ae.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />,</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
i.e., when convergence is assumed.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
For <img alt="t \to \infty" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/e/5/a/e5a6dc8b8844417d25b780e5f661badf.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> (i.e., in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Steady state">steady state</a>), the above equation (*) reads</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="\mathbf{R} = d \mathcal{M}\mathbf{R} + \frac{1-d}{N} \mathbf{1}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/6/4/4/644e8dddfd2ce735a204e9073f066aad.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />. (**)</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
The solution is given by</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="\mathbf{R} = (\mathbf{I}-d \mathcal{M})^{-1} \frac{1-d}{N} \mathbf{1}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/e/7/0e7b158e1ba9bcf02702953a0fdc8134.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />,</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_matrix" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Identity matrix">identity matrix</a> <img alt="\mathbf{I}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/9/9/3/99390491be8757c2d00ba9ba45ee07d7.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
The solution exists and is unique for <img alt="0 < d < 1" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/4/5/a/45abcbe13f426bf082700d31e8663621.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />. This can be seen by noting that <img alt="\mathcal{M}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/8/5/285673cb69aa43ca8256c93315a1aa51.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is by construction a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_matrix" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stochastic matrix">stochastic matrix</a> and hence has an eigenvalue equal to one as a consequence of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perron%E2%80%93Frobenius_theorem" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perron–Frobenius theorem">Perron–Frobenius theorem</a>.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
If the matrix <img alt="\mathcal{M}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/8/5/285673cb69aa43ca8256c93315a1aa51.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is a transition probability, i.e., column-stochastic with no columns consisting of just zeros and <img alt="\mathbf{R}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/2/9/129d55be783ff83da1f6c41359227e0d.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is a probability distribution (i.e., <img alt="|\mathbf{R}|=1" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/b/c/5/bc5cb20d78e39ddbf109e3e084a28ef5.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />, <img alt="\mathbf{E}\mathbf{R}=1" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/3/7/0379d61ba65582fff148301790fa8a44.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> where <img alt="\mathbf{E}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/5/e/b/5eb237ccb8c2716d347ab313cad7918e.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is matrix of all ones), Eq. (**) is equivalent to</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="\mathbf{R} = \left( d \mathcal{M} + \frac{1-d}{N} \mathbf{E} \right)\mathbf{R} =: \widehat{ \mathcal{M}} \mathbf{R}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/c/4/3c48a524b753a3dce1da684e2c18b1be.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />. (***)</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Hence PageRank <img alt="\mathbf{R}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/2/9/129d55be783ff83da1f6c41359227e0d.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is the principal eigenvector of <img alt="\widehat{\mathcal{M}}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/5/0/2502a729edb0fe7801ee6e901fb6c521.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />. A fast and easy way to compute this is using the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_iteration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Power iteration">power method</a>: starting with an arbitrary vector <img alt="x(0)" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/6/3/0636e6ee3577c00d82887a3ac9b7d159.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />, the operator <img alt="\widehat{\mathcal{M}}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/5/0/2502a729edb0fe7801ee6e901fb6c521.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />is applied in succession, i.e.,</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt=" x(t+1) = \widehat{\mathcal{M}} x(t)" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/9/c/a/9caca072c4a9249a467badc25de23ee9.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />,</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
until</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="|x(t+1) - x(t)| < \epsilon" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/c/b/0/cb09b044f11d7d7206d42f5cbfbf9952.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />.</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Note that in Eq. (***) the matrix on the right-hand side in the parenthesis can be interpreted as</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt=" \frac{1-d}{N} \mathbf{I} = (1-d)\mathbf{P} \mathbf{1}^t" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/9/9/a/99a27c772459132a00bebc1c84244c99.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />,</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
where <img alt="\mathbf{P}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/e/9/0e9481f0e3755d6b3afc8e609ab4b44b.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is an initial probability distribution. In the current case</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="\mathbf{P} := \frac{1}{N} \mathbf{1}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/7/b/9/7b95b5381a13609277d379d11e0cbd25.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />.</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Finally, if <img alt="\mathcal{M}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/8/5/285673cb69aa43ca8256c93315a1aa51.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> has columns with only zero values, they should be replaced with the initial probability vector <img alt="\mathbf{P}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/e/9/0e9481f0e3755d6b3afc8e609ab4b44b.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />. In other words</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="\mathcal{M}^\prime := \mathcal{M} + \mathcal{D}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/2/8/1287320c332f65fec27c966177a80449.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />,</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
where the matrix <img alt="\mathcal{D}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/e/4/0e4c3d09377b2eaa4053d184400c6616.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is defined as</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="\mathcal{D} := \mathbf{P} \mathbf{D}^t" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/9/b/6/9b689c785a64898434b25f6f096c3130.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />,</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
with</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="\mathbf{D}_i = \begin{cases} 1, & \mbox{if }L(p_i)=0\ \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise} \end{cases}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/e/e/b/eeb9188486fc84ac8824012b9f030136.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
In this case, the above two computations using <img alt="\mathcal{M}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/8/5/285673cb69aa43ca8256c93315a1aa51.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> only give the same PageRank if their results are normalized:</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt=" \mathbf{R}_{\textrm{power}} = \frac{\mathbf{R}_{\textrm{iterative}}}{|\mathbf{R}_{\textrm{iterative}}|} =
\frac{\mathbf{R}_{\textrm{algebraic}}}{|\mathbf{R}_{\textrm{algebraic}}|}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/d/0/8d0b0a0d2dfd35ff245b5f7aaf26a495.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" />.</dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
PageRank <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATLAB" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Octave" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="GNU Octave">Octave</a> implementation</div>
<div class="mw-geshi mw-code mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); direction: ltr; font-family: monospace, Courier; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.3em; padding: 1em;">
<div class="matlab source-matlab" style="font-family: monospace; line-height: normal;">
<pre class="de1" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% Parameter M adjacency matrix where M_i,j represents the link from 'j' to 'i', such that for all 'j' sum(i, M_i,j) = 1</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% Parameter d damping factor</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% Parameter v_quadratic_error quadratic error for v</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% Return v, a vector of ranks such that v_i is the i-th rank from [0, 1]</span>
<span class="kw1" style="color: blue;">function</span> <span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">[</span>v<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">]</span> = <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">rank</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>M, d, v_quadratic_error<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>
N = <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">size</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>M, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">2</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>; <span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% N is equal to half the size of M</span>
v = <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">rand</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>N, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>;
v = v ./ <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">norm</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>v, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">2</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>;
last_v = <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">ones</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>N, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span> * <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">inf</span>;
M_hat = <span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>d .* M<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span> + <span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span><span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1</span> - d<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span> / N<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span> .* <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">ones</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>N, N<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>;
<span class="kw1" style="color: blue;">while</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span><span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">norm</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>v - last_v, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">2</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span> > v_quadratic_error<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>
last_v = v;
v = M_hat * v;
v = v ./ <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">norm</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>v, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">2</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>;
<span class="kw1" style="color: blue;">end</span>
endfunction
<span class="kw1" style="color: blue;">function</span> <span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">[</span>v<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">]</span> = rank2<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>M, d, v_quadratic_error<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>
N = <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">size</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>M, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">2</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>; <span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% N is equal to half the size of M</span>
v = <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">rand</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>N, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>;
v = v ./ <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">norm</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>v, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>; <span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% This is now L1, not L2</span>
last_v = <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">ones</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>N, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span> * <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">inf</span>;
M_hat = <span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>d .* M<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span> + <span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span><span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1</span> - d<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span> / N<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span> .* <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">ones</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>N, N<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>;
<span class="kw1" style="color: blue;">while</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span><span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">norm</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>v - last_v, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">2</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span> > v_quadratic_error<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>
last_v = v;
v = M_hat * v;
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% removed the L2 norm of the iterated PR</span>
<span class="kw1" style="color: blue;">end</span>
endfunction
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Example of code calling the rank function defined above:</div>
<div class="mw-geshi mw-code mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); direction: ltr; font-family: monospace, Courier; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.3em; padding: 1em;">
<div class="matlab source-matlab" style="font-family: monospace; line-height: normal;">
<pre class="de1" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;">M = <span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">[</span><span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1</span> ; <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.5</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> ; <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.5</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> ; <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.5</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> ; <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.5</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">]</span>;
<span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">rank</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>M, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.80</span>, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.001</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
This example takes 13 iterations to converge.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
The following is a proof that rank.m is incorrect. It's based on the first graphic example. My understanding is that rank.m uses the wrong norm on the input, then continues to renormalize L2, which is unnecessary.</div>
<div class="mw-geshi mw-code mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); direction: ltr; font-family: monospace, Courier; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.3em; padding: 1em;">
<div class="matlab source-matlab" style="font-family: monospace; line-height: normal;">
<pre class="de1" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% This represents the example graph, correctly normalized and accounting for sinks (Node A) </span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% by allowing it to effectively random transition 100% of time, including to itself.</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% While RANK.m doesn't actually handle this incorrectly, it does not show exactly how one should</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% handle sink nodes (one possible solution would be a SELF-TRANSITION of 1.0), which does not</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% give the correct result.</span>
test_graph = <span class="sy0" style="color: #008800;">...</span>
<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">[</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.09091</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.50000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span>;
<span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.09091</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.50000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.33333</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.50000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.50000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.50000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.50000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span>;
<span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.09091</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span>;
<span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.09091</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.33333</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span>;
<span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.09091</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.50000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.50000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.50000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.50000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1.00000</span>;
<span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.09091</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.33333</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span>;
<span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.09091</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span>;
<span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.09091</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span>;
<span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.09091</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span>;
<span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.09091</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span>;
<span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.09091</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.00000</span> <span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">]</span>
pr = <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">rank</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>test_graph, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.85</span>, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.001</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span> <span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% INCORRECT is not normalized.</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.062247</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.730223</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.650829</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.074220</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.153590</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.074220</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.030703</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.030703</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.030703</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.030703</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.030703</span>
pr / <span class="kw2" style="color: blue;">norm</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>pr,<span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">1</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span> <span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% CORRECT once normalized. I still don't know why the L2 normalization happens ( v = v/norm(v, 2))</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.032781</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.384561</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.342750</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.039087</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.080886</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.039087</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.016170</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.016170</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.016170</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.016170</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.016170</span>
pr = rank2<span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">(</span>test_graph, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.85</span>, <span class="nu0" style="color: #3333ff;">0.001</span><span class="br0" style="color: #008800;">)</span> <span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% CORRECT, only requires input PR normalization (make sure it sums to 1.0)</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.032781</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.384561</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.342750</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.039087</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.080886</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.039087</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.016170</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.016170</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.016170</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.016170</span>
<span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">% 0.016170</span></pre>
<pre class="de1" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;">
</span></pre>
<pre class="de1" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px; white-space: normal;">Depending on the framework used to perform the computation, the exact implementation of the methods, and the required accuracy of the result, the computation time of the these methods can vary greatly.</span></span></pre>
<pre class="de1" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px; white-space: normal;">
</span></span></pre>
<pre class="de1" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><span class="co1" style="color: forestgreen;"><div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; white-space: normal;">
The PageRank of an undirected <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(data_structure)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Graph (data structure)">graph</a> G is statistically close to the degree distribution of the graph G,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> but they are generally not identical: If R is the PageRank vector defined above, and D is the degree distribution vector</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em; white-space: normal;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><img alt="
D = {1\over 2|E|}
\begin{bmatrix}
deg(p_1) \\
deg(p_2) \\
\vdots \\
deg(p_N)
\end{bmatrix}
" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/4/e/7/4e7de65935f925fc8b20dc7fdc403122.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></dd></dl>
<div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; white-space: normal;">
where <img alt="deg(p_i)" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/a/d/f/adf53b020f42dbf632d7080cbd004b47.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> denotes the degree of vertex <img alt="p_i" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/a/4/8a4bbd153c74655abb7ca04c0fa901d8.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />, and E is the edge-set of the graph, then, with <img alt="Y={1\over N}\mathbf{1}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/a/7/2a787d73a3bbcbe24f1a893fbbcdaa3f.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />, by:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; white-space: normal;">
<img alt="{1-d\over1+d}\|Y-D\|_1\leq \|R-D\|_1\leq \|Y-D\|_1," class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/6/0/f/60f36b77fff19276595fbdcd48bd512d.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; white-space: normal;">
that is, the PageRank of an undirected graph equals to the degree distribution vector if and only if the graph is regular, i.e., every vertex has the same degree.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; white-space: normal;">
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There are simple and fast random walk-based <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_algorithms" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Distributed algorithms">distributed algorithms</a> for computing PageRank of nodes in a network.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup> They present a simple algorithm that takes <img alt="O(\log n/\epsilon)" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/b/4/a/b4a79afe735d92c7952e30da4ef00ee9.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />rounds with high probability on any graph (directed or undirected), where n is the network size and <img alt="\epsilon" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/c/5/0/c50b9e82e318d4c163e4b1b060f7daf5.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is the reset probability (<img alt=" 1-\epsilon" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/7/d/3/7d3dfeb285ecd7c902cf63b793d599d4.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> is also called as damping factor) used in the PageRank computation. They also present a faster algorithm that takes <img alt=" O(\sqrt{\log n}/\epsilon)" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/6/3/063e2d683e8f565bc8b44bdaf2898a4e.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /> rounds in undirected graphs. Both of the above algorithms are scalable, as each node processes and sends only small (polylogarithmic in n, the network size) number of bits per round. For directed graphs, they present an algorithm that has a running time of <img alt=" O(\sqrt{\log n/\epsilon})" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/c/6/8c6ea4a76364400a0068bc115547343e.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" />, but it requires a polynomial number of bits to processed and sent per node in a round.</div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Toolbar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Toolbar">Google Toolbar</a>'s PageRank feature displays a visited page's PageRank as a whole number between 0 and 10. The most popular websites have a PageRank of 10. The least have a PageRank of 0. Google has not disclosed the specific method for determining a Toolbar PageRank value, which is to be considered only a rough indication of the value of a website.</div>
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PageRank measures the number of sites that link to a particular page.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> The PageRank of a particular page is roughly based upon the quantity of inbound links as well as the PageRank of the pages providing the links. The algorithm also includes other factors, such as the size of a page, the number of changes, the time since the page was updated, the text in headlines and the text in hyperlinked anchor texts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gpower_7-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-gpower-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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The Google Toolbar's PageRank is updated infrequently, so the values it shows are often out of date.</div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_results_page" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Search engine results page">search engine results page</a> (SERP) is the actual result returned by a search engine in response to a keyword query. The SERP consists of a list of links to web pages with associated text snippets. The SERP rank of a web page refers to the placement of the corresponding link on the SERP, where higher placement means higher SERP rank. The SERP rank of a web page is a function not only of its PageRank, but of a relatively large and continuously adjusted set of factors (over 200),.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Search engine optimization">Search engine optimization</a> (SEO) is aimed at influencing the SERP rank for a website or a set of web pages.</div>
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Positioning of a webpage on Google SERPs for a keyword depends on relevance and reputation, also known as authority and popularity. PageRank is Google’s indication of its assessment of the reputation of a webpage: It is non-keyword specific. Google uses a combination of webpage and website authority to determine the overall authority of a webpage competing for a keyword.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup> The PageRank of the HomePage of a website is the best indication Google offers for website authority.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup></div>
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After the introduction of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Places" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Places">Google Places</a> into the mainstream organic SERP, numerous other factors in addition to PageRank affect ranking a business in Local Business Results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup></div>
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The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Directory" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Directory">Google Directory</a> PageRank is an 8-unit measurement. Unlike the Google Toolbar, which shows a numeric PageRank value upon mouseover of the green bar, the Google Directory only displays the bar, never the numeric values.</div>
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In the past, the PageRank shown in the Toolbar was easily manipulated. Redirection from one page to another, either via a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_302" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HTTP 302">HTTP 302</a> response or a "Refresh" <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_tag" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Meta tag">meta tag</a>, caused the source page to acquire the PageRank of the destination page. Hence, a new page with PR 0 and no incoming links could have acquired PR 10 by redirecting to the Google home page. This <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website_spoofing" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Website spoofing">spoofing</a> technique, also known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_hijacking" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Page hijacking">302 Google Jacking</a>, was a known vulnerability. Spoofing can generally be detected by performing a Google search for a source URL; if the URL of an entirely different site is displayed in the results, the latter URL may represent the destination of a redirection.</div>
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For <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Search engine optimization">search engine optimization</a> purposes, some companies offer to sell high PageRank links to webmasters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cutts-0414_30-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-Cutts-0414-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup> As links from higher-PR pages are believed to be more valuable, they tend to be more expensive. It can be an effective and viable marketing strategy to buy link advertisements on content pages of quality and relevant sites to drive traffic and increase a webmaster's link popularity. However, Google has publicly warned webmasters that if they are or were discovered to be selling links for the purpose of conferring PageRank and reputation, their links will be devalued (ignored in the calculation of other pages' PageRanks). The practice of buying and selling links is intensely debated across the Webmaster community. Google advises webmasters to use the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nofollow" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nofollow">nofollow</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HTML">HTML</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_(computing)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Attribute (computing)">attribute</a> value on sponsored links. According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cutts" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Matt Cutts">Matt Cutts</a>, Google is concerned about webmasters who try to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_the_system" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Game the system">game the system</a>, and thereby reduce the quality and relevance of Google search results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cutts-0414_30-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-Cutts-0414-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup></div>
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The original PageRank algorithm reflects the so-called random surfer model, meaning that the PageRank of a particular page is derived from the theoretical probability of visiting that page when clicking on links at random. A page ranking model that reflects the importance of a particular page as a function of how many actual visits it receives by real users is called the <i>intentional surfer model</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jos07_31-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-Jos07-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup> The Google toolbar sends information to Google for every page visited, and thereby provides a basis for computing PageRank based on the intentional surfer model. The introduction of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nofollow" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nofollow">nofollow</a> attribute by Google to combat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamdexing" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spamdexing">Spamdexing</a> has the side effect that webmasters commonly use it on outgoing links to increase their own PageRank. This causes a loss of actual links for the Web crawlers to follow, thereby making the original PageRank algorithm based on the random surfer model potentially unreliable. Using information about users' browsing habits provided by the Google toolbar partly compensates for the loss of information caused by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nofollow" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nofollow">nofollow</a> attribute. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_results_page" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Search engine results page">SERP</a> rank of a page, which determines a page's actual placement in the search results, is based on a combination of the random surfer model (PageRank) and the intentional surfer model (browsing habits) in addition to other factors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SEOnotepad09_32-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-SEOnotepad09-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup></div>
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A version of PageRank has recently been proposed as a replacement for the traditional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Scientific_Information" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Institute for Scientific Information">Institute for Scientific Information</a> (ISI) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup> and implemented at<a class="external text" href="http://www.eigenfactor.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">eigenfactor.org</a>. Instead of merely counting total citation to a journal, the "importance" of each citation is determined in a PageRank fashion.</div>
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A similar new use of PageRank is to rank academic doctoral programs based on their records of placing their graduates in faculty positions. In PageRank terms, academic departments link to each other by hiring their faculty from each other (and from themselves).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-34" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup></div>
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PageRank has been used to rank spaces or streets to predict how many people (pedestrians or vehicles) come to the individual spaces or streets.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-35" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-36" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup> In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_semantics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lexical semantics">lexical semantics</a> it has been used to perform <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_Sense_Disambiguation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Word Sense Disambiguation">Word Sense Disambiguation</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-37" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup> and to automatically rank <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="WordNet">WordNet</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synsets" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synsets">synsets</a> according to how strongly they possess a given semantic property, such as positivity or negativity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-38" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup></div>
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A dynamic weighting method similar to PageRank has been used to generate customized reading lists based on the link structure of Wikipedia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-39" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup></div>
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A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_crawler" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web crawler">Web crawler</a> may use PageRank as one of a number of importance metrics it uses to determine which URL to visit during a crawl of the web. One of the early working papers <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-40" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup>that were used in the creation of Google is <i>Efficient crawling through URL ordering</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-41" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup> which discusses the use of a number of different importance metrics to determine how deeply, and how much of a site Google will crawl. PageRank is presented as one of a number of these importance metrics, though there are others listed such as the number of inbound and outbound links for a URL, and the distance from the root directory on a site to the URL.</div>
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The PageRank may also be used as a <a class="external text" href="http://de.scientificcommons.org/23846375" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">methodology</a> to measure the apparent impact of a community like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogosphere" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blogosphere">Blogosphere</a> on the overall Web itself. This approach uses therefore the PageRank to measure the distribution of attention in reflection of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale-free_network" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scale-free network">Scale-free network</a> paradigm.</div>
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In any ecosystem, a modified version of PageRank may be used to determine species that are essential to the continuing health of the environment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-42" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup></div>
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For the analysis of protein networks in biology PageRank is also a useful tool.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-43" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-44" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup></div>
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In early 2005, Google implemented a new value, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nofollow" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nofollow">nofollow</a>",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-45" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup> for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_link" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semantic link">rel</a> attribute of HTML link and anchor elements, so that website developers and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blog">bloggers</a> can make links that Google will not consider for the purposes of PageRank—they are links that no longer constitute a "vote" in the PageRank system. The nofollow relationship was added in an attempt to help combat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamdexing" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spamdexing">spamdexing</a>.</div>
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As an example, people could previously create many message-board posts with links to their website to artificially inflate their PageRank. With the nofollow value, message-board administrators can modify their code to automatically insert "rel='nofollow'" to all hyperlinks in posts, thus preventing PageRank from being affected by those particular posts. This method of avoidance, however, also has various drawbacks, such as reducing the link value of legitimate comments. (See: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_in_blogs#nofollow" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spam in blogs">Spam in blogs#nofollow</a>)</div>
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In an effort to manually control the flow of PageRank among pages within a website, many webmasters practice what is known as PageRank Sculpting<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-46" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup>—which is the act of strategically placing the nofollow attribute on certain internal links of a website in order to funnel PageRank towards those pages the webmaster deemed most important. This tactic has been used since the inception of the nofollow attribute, but may no longer be effective since Google announced that blocking PageRank transfer with nofollow does not redirect that PageRank to other links.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-47" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup></div>
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PageRank was once available for the verified site maintainers through the Google Webmaster Tools interface. However on October 15, 2009, a Google employee confirmed<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moskwa_48-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-Moskwa-48" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup> that the company had removed PageRank from its <i>Webmaster Tools</i> section, explaining that "We've been telling people for a long time that they shouldn't focus on PageRank so much. Many site owners seem to think it's the most important metric for them to track, which is simply not true."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moskwa_48-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-Moskwa-48" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup> In addition, The PageRank indicator is not available in Google's own<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a> browser.</div>
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The visible page rank is updated very infrequently.</div>
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On 6 October 2011, many users mistakenly thought Google PageRank was gone. As it turns out, it was simply an update to the URL used to query the PageRank from Google.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-whatculture_49-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-whatculture-49" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup></div>
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Google now also relies on other strategies as well as PageRank, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Panda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Google Panda">Google Panda</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank#cite_note-50" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup></div>
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Copyrighted by: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-70575381588770167252013-08-01T15:22:00.001+05:302013-08-05T17:50:52.439+05:30Let's earn some money with your URL<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8q3Oc4V_ZIxOpbJ05tcrtdKMr_ilkZfujrtY0CUwFeaKV8oFaI_wLXFNMtqzxr6An4rc98HobtLlNESw1DHAHL1ELrg2WPQNdb8WAcu32FAzhML0nH84FpgGrbsKT1IA3OoQOaAw8Q3d1/s1600/adfly.250x250.1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8q3Oc4V_ZIxOpbJ05tcrtdKMr_ilkZfujrtY0CUwFeaKV8oFaI_wLXFNMtqzxr6An4rc98HobtLlNESw1DHAHL1ELrg2WPQNdb8WAcu32FAzhML0nH84FpgGrbsKT1IA3OoQOaAw8Q3d1/s1600/adfly.250x250.1.png" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN"> </span>Everybody like to earn money. Somebody has a blog or a web. So they try
different ways to earn money with their sites. There are different ways to earn
money with sites. AdFly is a one way like that. Some of you may already know
about this. Doesn't matter. You can read this and there may be stuff that you
don't know. </div>
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<span lang="EN">First you should log on to <span style="color: blue;"><u>http://adf.ly/?id=3213836</u></span>. You can see the web page of AdFly and there may
be a box that you can enter your URL and get an AdFly URL. <b>Don't press that
thing unless you don't want to get paid. </b>Click the button <b>Sign Up</b>
and sign up to the page. They will send a confirmation URL or a Code so then
you should log on to that URL and paste the code. Then you will redirect to
your AdFly dashboard. In that dashboard you may find two buttons called <b>Publisher
</b>and <b>Advertiser. </b>Click the button <b>Publisher</b> and go to the
publisher's page. There you can find a box like the box I mentioned early. So
Paste your URL on that box and you'll get the AdFly URL. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"> This is the structure
of your AdFly URL. If anyone went through that URL, you will be get paid. But
there are some regulations. The surfer who will log on to that URL should stay
for 5 seconds and click the button <b>Skip Ad</b>. You will get paid only if he
did that. There are different rates to different countries that go through
adfly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The photograph was copyrighted by: <a href="http://adf.ly/">http://adf.ly</a></div>
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<!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8q3Oc4V_ZIxOpbJ05tcrtdKMr_ilkZfujrtY0CUwFeaKV8oFaI_wLXFNMtqzxr6An4rc98HobtLlNESw1DHAHL1ELrg2WPQNdb8WAcu32FAzhML0nH84FpgGrbsKT1IA3OoQOaAw8Q3d1/s1600/adfly.250x250.1.png" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8q3Oc4V_ZIxOpbJ05tcrtdKMr_ilkZfujrtY0CUwFeaKV8oFaI_wLXFNMtqzxr6An4rc98HobtLlNESw1DHAHL1ELrg2WPQNdb8WAcu32FAzhML0nH84FpgGrbsKT1IA3OoQOaAw8Q3d1/s1600/adfly.250x250.1.png" --><!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-68ytiPTrt2c%2FUfouo80DkJI%2FAAAAAAAAAF8%2FaIov07gHxm0%2Fs1600%2Fadfly.250x250.1.png&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8q3Oc4V_ZIxOpbJ05tcrtdKMr_ilkZfujrtY0CUwFeaKV8oFaI_wLXFNMtqzxr6An4rc98HobtLlNESw1DHAHL1ELrg2WPQNdb8WAcu32FAzhML0nH84FpgGrbsKT1IA3OoQOaAw8Q3d1/s1600/adfly.250x250.1.png" -->Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-15651259000629452112013-06-11T15:58:00.002+05:302013-08-02T17:18:18.972+05:30Your Home Page Never Being Changed Some websites illegally modify your registry editor and set their website as default home page, for stop this,<br /><br />1. Right-click on the Internet Explorer icon on your desktop and select "Properties".<br /><br />2. In the "Target" box you will see "C:\Program Files\Internet<br /><br />Explorer\IEXPLORE.EXE".<br /><br />3. Now by adding the URL of the site to the end of this it overrides any<br />Homepage setting in internet options:<br /><br />"C:\Program Files\Internet Explorer\IEXPLORE.EXE" www.google.comUnknownnoreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-449533029394500210.post-13427033794579574802013-06-07T14:18:00.002+05:302013-08-07T13:58:22.778+05:30SEO(Search Engine Optimization) If you own a blog or a web, I think your first problem is 'Traffic'. Isn't that so? Because I also have that problem. So I thought to tell you about SEO(Search Engine Optimization). Some of you may already know about this thing. Doesn't matter. So let's get to the work.<br />
As I said, most of the site owners' first problem is getting a good traffic to their site. There are some small answers for that problem. First thing is Syndicators. You can add your site to a syndicator and all your site updates will be appear in that site. This is a good answer but not at all. For example, If you update you site once a couple of weeks or like that, you can't get the traffic you expect to your site. Therefore, the traffic will be increase only in the days you update you site. So it is not a good answer for that problem. <br />
The second method is advertising. This is a good answer but you gotta pay a huge cost for that unless you can't do it. Some people can do this thing because they can pay a huge cost for their site. But some dudes can't do it or they may be don't like to that. So it isn't a good idea.<br />
The third and the best method is Search Engine Optimization. This is free and you don't want to be worry about your site. If you use this stuff to your site, no matter you update your site once a day or once a month or once a year! All you have to do is submit your info to this webs , make a cup of cappuccino and watch it! Alright! let's check this out.<br />
As I said above, SEO is the cheapest and easiest way to publish you site around the world. So you wanna know how this works huh? That's cool. Go to the sites below and submit you info to those. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.freewebsubmission.com/">www.freewebsubmission.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.siteexplorer.search.yahoo.com/">www.siteexplorer.search.yahoo.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.dxpnet.com/">www.dxpnet.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.evrsoft.com/">www.evrsoft.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.exactseek.com/">www.exactseek.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.surfsafely.com/">www.surfsafely.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.searchengine.com/">www.searchengine.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.add-url.net/">www.add-url.net/</a><br />
<a href="http://www.submitexpress.com/">www.submitexpress.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.admcity.com/">www.admcity.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.infotiger.com/">www.infotiger.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.netmechanic.com/">www.netmechanic.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.netsearch.org/">www.netsearch.org</a><br />
<a href="http://www.intelseek.com/">www.intelseek.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.websquash.com/">www.websquash.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/">www.google.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.addme.com/">www.addme.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.alexa.com/">www.alexa.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.addpro.com/">www.addpro.com</a><br />
<br />
Links Exchange<br />
<a href="http://www.linksexchange.net/" target="_blank">www.linksexchange.net </a>- <br />
<a href="http://www.gotlinks.com/">www.gotlinks.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.linksnow.com/" target="_blank">www.linksnow.com </a><br />
<a href="http://www.linkmarket.net/">www.linkmarket.net</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.linkstraffic.net/" target="_blank">www.linkstraffic.net </a><br />
<a href="http://www.ale5.com/">www.ale5.com</a><br />
<br />
Banners Exchange<br />
<a href="http://www.click4click.com/" target="_blank">www.click4click.com </a>- <br />
<a href="http://www.bannersxchange.com/">www.bannersxchange.com</a> - <br />
<a href="http://www.neobanners.com/">www.neobanners.com</a> -<br />
<a href="http://www.neobanners.com/">www.neobanners.com</a> -<br />
<a href="http://www.click4click.com/">www.click4click.com</a> -<br />
<a href="http://www.showyoursite.com/">www.showyoursite.com</a><br />
<br />
Clicks Exchange<br />
<a href="http://www.clickthru.com/">www.clickthru.com</a> -<br />
<a href="http://www.xclicks.net/">www.xclicks.net</a> -<br />
<a href="http://www.globalclicks.biz/">www.globalclicks.biz</a> - <br />
<a href="http://www.tornadoeclicks.com/">www.tornadoeclicks.com</a><br />
<br />
Buy Web Traffic<br />
<a href="http://www.admob.com/">http://www.admob.com/</a> -<br />
<a href="http://www.adster.com/">http://www.adster.com/</a> -<br />
<a href="http://www.searchenginechannel.com/">http://www.searchenginechannel.com/</a> -<br />
<a href="http://www.grokads.com/">http://www.grokads.com/</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com100